2024-03-28T21:15:23+01:00 http://bohee001.devel.library.wur.nl/oai
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/628111 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public
Exploration of data for analysis using boundary line methodology Miti C. aut Milne A.E. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Sadras V.O. aut Lark R.M. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2024 10.1016/j.compag.2024.108794 85186344370 en The boundary line model has been proposed for interpretation of the plot of a biological response (such as crop yield) against a potentially-limiting variable from observations in a large set of scenarios across which other factors show uncontrolled variation. Under this model the upper bound of the distribution of data represents the limiting effect of the potential factor on the response. Methods have been proposed to fit this model, but we propose that an initial exploratory data analysis step is needed to evaluate evidence that (i) the model is plausible and (ii) that any limiting upper bound is exhibited by the data set (which could, in principle, not include any cases where the factor is limiting). We propose a statistic based on the density of observations in upper sections of early convex hull peels of the data plot. We evaluate this approach using various data sets, some of which have been used for boundary line analysis in previous studies. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Boundary line Convex hull Peel density Standard deviation PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 219 01681699
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/628078 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public
Bundling of inputs and services for sustainable smallholder agriculture : the concepts, theoretical arguments and bundle designs using conjoint analysis Abetu Tamiru Amanu 0000000508085464 aut Ingenbleek Paul T.M. 152826262 0000-0001-8793-716X 000000008893545X aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van der Lans Ivo A. 073587338 0000-0003-3351-1379 0000000035361974 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2024 10.1080/14735903.2024.2322193 85186593779 en Product bundling is receiving increasing attention in sustainable agricultural development as a means to ensure access to and enhance the uptake of, agricultural technologies by smallholders. Yet, the how and why of bundling for smallholders are not well-understood. The current paper, therefore, brings bundling theory from the marketing literature to the smallholder context. We use a conjoint experiment, a proven marketing technique for designing new products, services and bundles, to design agricultural input and service bundles for soybean-producing smallholders in rural Ethiopia. The empirical findings from 252 smallholders suggest that product bundling enhances smallholders’ preferences and hence intentions to adopt technologies but that bundles must be designed carefully following a smallholder-centric approach. Drawing on our findings and the literature, we delineate the different steps that need to be taken to develop bundles for the successful uptake of new technologies by smallholders. Marketing and Consumer Behaviour PE&RC WASS Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris Plant Production Systems Sustainable agriculture adoption bundle design bundling conjoint analysis grain legumes preference rhizobium inoculants smallholder-centric Marktkunde en Consumentengedrag PE&RC WASS Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris Plantaardige Productiesystemen International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 22 1 14735903
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/627121 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Effects of the COVID-19 induced cotton crisis on agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholders in southern Mali Dissa Arouna 0000000509862894 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1269355 85182813304 001147165000001 en Smallholder farming systems are vulnerable to disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic weakened the financial ability of the Malian government in the 2020–21 growing season to subsidize cotton farmers’ access to mineral fertilizers and the cotton company (CMDT) could not offer a good cotton price. Consequently, farmers refused to grow cotton, leading to a cotton crisis with implications on crop production and farmers’ livelihoods. We used data collected over three consecutive growing seasons in the old cotton basin of Koutiala and analysed them using two-way mixed ANOVA over selected indicators related to farm and household components. The analysis was done for farms of different resource endowment, through comparing the cotton crisis season to the two previous normal seasons. Besides the abandonment of cotton, the total cropped area and area devoted to maize reduced in 2020–21, while the area allocated to millet, sorghum and cowpea increased, especially for cotton farmers with medium and high resource endowments. In addition, the nitrogen use intensity dropped at the farm level and particularly for the cereal crops, but without negative effect on yields of maize, millet and sorghum. Food self-sufficiency and income per capita significantly increased for the medium resource farms, while income dropped for the high resource farms with large herds. The farming system was able to absorb the shock of limited access to fertilizer for one season, due to the elimination of otherwise strong labour competition between cotton and cereal crops, favourable weather conditions and farmers’ responsive coping with the cotton crisis. This study revealed the importance of disaggregated livelihood evaluations, because resource endowments have implications not only for the actual effect on livelihoods, but also for farmers’ adaptive capacity. PE&RC Plant Production Systems cereals farm diversity fertilizer food self-sufficiency income institutional shock PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/625787 2024-01-30 DARC
Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon Moinet G.Y. 0000-0002-5347-8847 0000000390148342 aut Hijbeek R. 370734815 0000-0001-8214-9121 0000000436369272 aut van Vuuren D. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper Wageningen University & Research Wageningen 2023 en Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is increasingly promoted as a ‘win-win’ solution to address both climate change and food security, arguably two of the most pressing and complex contemporary global threats. Current enthusiasm is very high in the science community as well as in the public media and increasingly in policy initiatives. Our objective is to bring nuance in the discussion and to reflect on the true potential of SOC sequestration in science and policy. To do so, we first summarise the findings of our recently published paper (Glob Change Biol. 2023;29:2384–2398). We re-emphasise that only specific management options in specific conditions hold the promise of SOC sequestration as a win-win, and that, even where and when a win-win outcome is possible, conflicts will arise when setting out to maximise both food production and SOC sequestration. We argue that the existing knowledge base does not justify the current trend to set global agendas focusing first and foremost on SOC sequestration and contend that the rapid development of largely unregulated voluntary carbon markets, wherein farmers get paid per ton of sequestered CO2, is unlikely to lead to fair and effective incentives for a transition to more sustainable farming systems. Finally, we advocate for soil carbon research and policy to fall in line behind the wealth of knowledge showing the importance of local context, of developing locally suited adaptative methods focusing on a wide set of environmental outcomes, and calling attention to social acceptability and economic viability. PE&RC Soil Biology Plant Production Systems PE&RC Bodembiologie Plantaardige Productiesystemen 2023 Book of Abstracts: Wageningen Soil Conference 2023 Wageningen University & Research Wageningen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/625784 2024-01-30 DARC
Let’s get real on regenerative agriculture: How do we assess soil health? Pulleman M.M. 241589460 0000-0001-9950-0176 000000039241611X aut Bongiorno G. 409214779 0000-0001-9148-1206 0000000491572759 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper Wageningen University & Research Wageningen 2023 en The concept of regenerative agriculture has rapidly gained momentum among agri-food companies, governments, NGO’s and farmers. Although there is no widely accepted definition, different interpretations of this concept emphasize the importance of restoring and enhancing soil to generate multiple benefits for society and for farmers. The premise is that regenerative agriculture, by strengthening soil health and associated ecosystem services, helps to make agroecosystems more productive and resilient, while improving farmers’ livelihoods. A focus on regenerative agriculture further creates important opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gasses, thereby helping agrifood companies to meet their ambitious targets towards achieving “net zero” supply chains. The popularity of regenerative agriculture has created an overwhelming demand for indicators that can be used to assess and monitor soil health in robust and cost-effective ways, while obtaining evidence of the links between regenerative practices, soil health and the assumed benefits (agronomic, environmental, social). Conceptually a focus on soil health, considering biological, physical and chemical soil properties and processes and their importance for multiple soil functions, has proven to be attractive for practitioners. Yet, there are many challenges associated with the measurement of soil health and the interpretation of indicator values in terms of soil functionality. Based on literature review and our experiences working with key stakeholders in the cocoa and coffee sectors, we discuss progress and challenges for the development of soil health indicator frameworks and their application at scale. Special emphasis is on biological soil indicators, given their potential to respond quickly to management interventions, as well as the key role of soil biota for soil functions. Yet, how can they be assessed at scale, and how are they interpreted? PE&RC Soil Biology Plant Production Systems PE&RC Bodembiologie Plantaardige Productiesystemen 2023 Book of Abstracts: Wageningen Soil Conference 2023 Wageningen University & Research Wageningen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/625738 2024-01-30 DARC
Zo eerlijk is die chocoladereep niet Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/623955 2024-01-09 DARC
Klimaatactivist in oorlogsgebied voelt zich alleen van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/623743 2024-01-08 DARC
Eerlijke koffie levert boeren in arm land veel te weinig op Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/contributiontoPeriodical 2023 nl Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie Trouw 22 23
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/622563 2024-01-08 DARC
The CocoaSoils nutrient offtake model: preliminary results from onfarm trials Woittiez L.S. 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut van Heerwaarden J. 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut Vasquez Zambrano E.C. aut Rusinamhodzi L. aut Hauser S. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper ICCO 2023 en Current nutrient recommendations in cocoa vary per country and often do not include N. To improve recommendations, partners in the CocoaSoils consortium (www.cocoasoils.org) have set up large-scale fertiliser trials (Core Trials) and small on-farm trials (Satellite Trials) across the tropics. We developed a nutrient offtake model to determine fertiliser rates and tested selected treatments in farmers’ fields to answer the following questions: 1) Can farmer yields be improved by additional nutrient applications as recommended by the offtake model? 2) What are the differences between countries in terms of yields and responses to treatments? 3) Are the offtake model recommendations cost effective? With the offtake model we calculated the offtake in vegetative biomass and beans and converted these to nutrient recommendations. In 389 Satellite Trials, we compared farmer practices (control, T1), Good Agricultural Practices without additional nutrient applications (T2), GAP + national fertiliser recommendations (T3) and GAP + offtake model recommendations (T4). We monitored yields and calculated return on investment (ROI: USD earned per USD invested) for T3 and T4, assuming the following prices (in USD kg-1): dry cocoa beans 1.58; nitrogen 1.3; phosphorus 4.1; potassium 1.3. Preliminary yield results from the Satellite Trials suggest that yields in T4 plots were consistently higher (around 2150 kg dry beans ha-1 year-1) than yields in T3 plots (around 1920 kg ha-1 yr-1) in all countries but Nigeria. Yield patterns in Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire and Cameroon were similar; yields from Nigeria were substantially lower. Response patterns were similar in the main and light season. Adding nutrients according to the offtake model predictions was cost effective but ROIs were highly variable (1-5 USD USD-1). Estimated offtake quantities fall well within the range of recommendations listed by Van Vliet and Giller (2017); estimated N requirements are similar to other crops. There was a clear positive effect of T4 over T3 on yield. From the data we cannot tell which nutrient was responsible for the response: was it mostly the N, or the K, or a combination? The Core Trials will provide the answers to these questions when they enter the productive phase. In terms of costs, ROI may become negative when fertiliser prices increase or cocoa prices decrease, especially in Nigeria. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis International Symposium on Cocoa Research 2023 ICCO
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/622466 2024-01-04 DARC edurep
De tijdbom van klimaatverandering en conflict in Afrika mogen we niet negeren van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/621843 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Evolving meanings of ‘principles’ in agronomic discourse Sumberg James aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Glover Dominic 329374133 0000-0003-2055-1996 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1177/00307270231213659 85176777492 001100632100001 en The notion of principles, and the sense that they are different from but closely linked to practices, is deeply rooted in the agronomy literature. However, these terms are currently used by different authors to mean very different things. This paper explores these various uses and meanings. We argue that an understanding of the use of apparently innocuous, everyday words like principles and practices provides a valuable insight into on-going debates, contestation and politics about the future of agriculture and food. In the case of principles, it is important to understand the forms they take, by whom they are proclaimed and for what purpose(s). We find that while most alternative agricultures define themselves through a set of principles, these do not challenge or undermine the scientific principles that underpin mainstream agronomy. Further, we argue that to articulate and proclaim principles is to seek to exercise discursive power. Specifically, proclaiming principles or defining a favoured approach to agriculture by articulating a specific set of principles, is to exert authority, bolster legitimacy and claim a place in a crowded and contested marketplace. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 52 4 363 370 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/621728 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Localized land tenure registration in Burundi and eastern DR Congo : Contributing to sustainable peace? van Leeuwen Mathijs 186788452 0000-0002-1994-2626 000000035723058X aut van der Haar Gemma 202981789 0000000082133624 aut Ansoms An aut Baraka Akilimali Joël aut Mushagalusa Mudinga Emery aut Munezero Camille aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102763 85176604763 001112017400001 en The last two decades, a variety of –mostly donor-led– initiatives have aimed at ‘localizing’ land tenure registration, specifically in conflict-affected settings, making the registration of land rights more accessible to rural smallholders. In such settings, land registration is seen not just as instrumental to tenure security and economic development; but also to prevent land-related violence and promote sustainable peace. However, to reach such goals proves extremely complex. This paper explores discourses and practices of localized land tenure registration in Burundi and the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). More specifically, we explore how these efforts are marked by the absence of reliable state action, by institutional competition, and by the risk of elite capture. We organize our discussion around three common assumptions about land registration interventions: that they will 1) contribute to clarifying and protecting land rights; 2) help the most tenure insecure, notably women, to strengthen their rights to land; and 3) prevent disputes. Based on our findings from Burundi and the eastern DRC we suggest that the expectations of registration efforts need to be tempered. On the one hand, localized land tenure registration risks to become part of the dynamics that reproduce conflict. On the other hand, it is not able, on its own, to create the more fundamental changes necessary for a sustainable peace. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Burundi Conflict-affected settings Land tenure registration Peace the DRC WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Global Environmental Change 83 09593780
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/621490 2023-11-24 DARC edurep publickb
Killing the zombie in the food crisis: A class of its own Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut Vij Sumit 398738645 0000-0001-5252-797X 0000000492258964 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/620901 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Can small-scale farming systems serve as an economic engine in the former homelands of South Africa? Mathinya V.N. aut Franke A.C. 355592789 aut van de Ven G.W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1222120 85171583018 001066634600001 en Small-scale farming plays a critical role in the food security of Africa. An analysis of households in two former homelands provided critical insights into the future of small-scale farming in South Africa. From a survey of 132 households, 57 from Emmaus in the uKhahlamba local municipality in KwaZulu Natal Province and 75 from Thaba Nchu in the Mangaung Metropolitan municipality of the Free State province, indicators of food and nutrition security, income, and the relative contributions of on-farm versus off-farm sources to household welfare were calculated to determine if small-scale farming could drive the economy of these areas. Results revealed stark differences at household and regional levels and were attributed to the importance of crops vs. livestock toward household welfare and the proximity of the regions to urban centers. This was demonstrated by more reliance on arable farming in Emmaus, unlike Thaba Nchu, where a nearby city allowed diversification of income portfolios. In both regions, labor constraints outweighed land limitations. It is, therefore, unlikely that increasing arable land of small-scale farmers alone will stimulate arable farming. On-farm production and consumption did not guarantee nutrition and food security. Currently, small-scale farming did not serve as an engine for economic growth in the communities and formed a small part of the income of most households. However, sustainable intensification of farm production is a plausible pathway for the small number of households for whom farming forms an important part of their income. These households have the potential to engage in more commercial activities if farming and policies can be aligned. A critical knowledge gap is how, under what context, and which forms of agricultural interventions may complement rural development efforts and contribute to the rural economy. PE&RC Plant Production Systems SDGs farming systems food security homelands rural development PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/619734 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The input reduction principle of agroecology is wrong when it comes to mineral fertilizer use in sub-Saharan Africa Falconnier Gatien N. 403925444 0000000502652587 aut Cardinael Rémi aut Corbeels Marc aut Baudron Frédéric 0000-0002-5648-2083 aut Chivenge Pauline aut Couëdel Antoine aut Ripoche Aude aut Affholder François aut Naudin Krishna aut Benaillon Emilie aut Rusinamhodzi Leonard 0000-0002-5576-2040 aut Leroux Louise aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1177/00307270231199795 85170857084 001079755200001 en Can farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) boost crop yields and improve food availability without using more mineral fertilizer? This question has been at the center of lively debates among the civil society, policy-makers, and in academic editorials. Proponents of the “yes” answer have put forward the “input reduction” principle of agroecology, i.e. by relying on agrobiodiversity, recycling and better efficiency, agroecological practices such as the use of legumes and manure can increase crop productivity without the need for more mineral fertilizer. We reviewed decades of scientific literature on nutrient balances in SSA, biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes, manure production and use in smallholder farming systems, and the environmental impact of mineral fertilizer. Our analyses show that more mineral fertilizer is needed in SSA for five reasons: (i) the starting point in SSA is that agricultural production is “agroecological” by default, that is, very low mineral fertilizer use, widespread mixed crop-livestock systems and large crop diversity including legumes, but leading to poor soil fertility as a result of widespread soil nutrient mining, (ii) the nitrogen needs of crops cannot be adequately met solely through biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and recycling of animal manure, (iii) other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium need to be replaced continuously, (iv) mineral fertilizers, if used appropriately, cause little harm to the environment, and (v) reducing the use of mineral fertilizers would hamper productivity gains and contribute indirectly to agricultural expansion and to deforestation. Yet, the agroecological principles directly related to soil fertility—recycling, efficiency, diversity—remain key in improving soil health and nutrient-use efficiency, and are critical to sustaining crop productivity in the long run. We argue for a nuanced position that acknowledges the critical need for more mineral fertilizers in SSA, in combination with the use of agroecological practices and adequate policy support. PE&RC Plant Production Systems biological nitrogen fixation legumes manure nutrient balance soil fertility PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 52 3 311 326 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/619708 2024-03-27 DARC
Farmers’ access, demand, and satisfaction with innovation support services and their determinants : the case of the cocoa sector in Central Cameroon Kenfack Essougong Urcil Papito 0000-0003-2809-999X 0000000513415229 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Mathé Syndhia aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Leeuwis Cees 074137824 0000-0003-1146-9413 0000000031437820 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1080/1389224X.2023.2249501 85169309338 001061457500001 en Purpose: We assessed cocoa farmers’ access to, demand for, and satisfaction with five innovation support services and the factors shaping them. Design/methodology/approach: We used data from 10 focus groups and a survey of 421 farmers in Central Cameroon. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and regression models. Findings: Results showed that farmers mostly receive training and advice whereas inputs, credit, and equipment are the most demanded services. Training and advice obtained the highest perceived quality score. Conflicts around distribution and capture by leaders were relatively frequent regarding inputs and equipment. Farmers’ satisfaction with service outcomes increased with the number of services received and any services above training and advice yielded higher outcomes. Location, involvement in certification, seniority, and leadership position in farmers’ organisations were significantly associated with access and demand for at least two services while satisfaction with quality was mostly influenced by prior services received and the extent to which they matched expectations. Practical implications: Farmers’ demands for services are diverse, hence the importance of providing them with either service bundles or options from which they can choose. Additional efforts are needed from service providers to create an enabling environment for the implementation of the disseminated sustainable management practices. Theoretical implications: Farmers’ satisfaction with services can be analysed from different perspectives. Both endogenous and exogenous factors determine access to, demand for, and satisfaction with services. Originality/value: This research is the first to assess the provision of innovation support services in the cocoa sector using an analytical framework that combines demand, access, and satisfaction with five services. PE&RC WASS Knowledge Transfer Plant Production Systems Knowledge Technology and Innovation Agricultural services agricultural extension cocoa enabling environment farmer diversity service quality PE&RC WASS Knowledge Transfer Plantaardige Productiesystemen Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 1389224X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/618842 2024-01-08 DARC
Regeneratieve landbouw, meer dan bodembeheer Sukkel Wijnand 202129934 0000000391840189 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 PE&RC OT Team Bedrijfssyst.onderz./Bodemkwaliteit Plant Production Systems PE&RC OT Team Bedrijfssyst.onderz./Bodemkwaliteit Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/618634 2024-02-09 DARC edurep
Land sharing and land sparing? Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 Ken Giller, professor in Plant Production Systems at WUR, adressed the issue of land sharing or land sparing in his speech at the Opening Academic Year. The focus of Gillers work is smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa where trends contrast starkly with Europe. The food needs of the rapidly growing African population have been met by massive expansion of the area under agriculture and by food imports. Giller highlighted some examples from Africa and Europe that relate to the land sharing and land sparing debate and highlight some of the complexities. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/617370 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Policy incentives for smallholder adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices van Asseldonk Marcel 181269325 0000000382247535 aut Girvetz Evan aut Pamuk Haki 381333493 0000-0003-2454-1058 0000000443755219 aut Wattel Cor 130339628 0000-0002-1054-4234 0000000031583748 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.3389/fpos.2023.1112311 85161016926 000994957100001 en There is a large and growing literature on the potential use of policy instruments for stimulating the adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices amongst smallholders. The objective of this article is to review and understand how the array of potential policy incentives can serve as mechanisms for enhancing adoption and upscaling of potential CSA practices by small-scale farmers in low-income countries. The review follows a matrix approach capturing where specific CSA practices (rows) are supported by typical policy instruments (columns) for enhancing widespread adoption. We first identify six key CSA practices, namely water management, soil and nutrient management, crop tolerance to stress, agroforestry and intercropping, crop rotation and mixed systems, and pest and disease management. Then we discuss the impact of those typical policy instruments, namely market prices, taxes and subsidies, land rights, rural finance, training and information, and certification and labeling. The review finds that most studies on this subject have a rather narrow focus on functional properties of a specific policy instrument and a particular CSA practice, thereby ignoring substitution, complementary or conditional effects between policy measures and CSA practices. Consequently, previous studies identify few incentives, particularly effective on their own. Wider perspectives on impact pathways point to the importance of sequencing and scaling for enhancing farmers' CSA adoption. We therefore advocate for more integrated approaches that also consider indirect effects of policy instruments on CSA adoption and pursue their systematic anchoring through successful policies that enhance widespread adoption. WASS Development Economics Transition Risk and Innovation Governance International Policy adoption climate-smart agricultural practices incentives policies smallholder WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Transition Risk and Innovation Governance Internationaal Beleid Frontiers in Political Science 5 26733145
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/617288 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Farmer responses to an input subsidy and co-learning program : intensification, extensification, specialization, and diversification? Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1007/s13593-023-00893-w 85159593294 000990305600001 en Sustainable intensification aims to increase production and improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Many farmers, however, are caught in a vicious cycle of low productivity and lack of incentives to invest in agricultural inputs. Moving towards sustainable intensification therefore requires support such as input subsidies and learning about new options through, for instance, co-learning approaches. Yet such support is not straightforward as agricultural developments often diverge from the envisaged pathways: extensification may occur instead of intensification and specialization instead of diversification. Understanding of farmers’ responses to incentives such as input subsidies and new knowledge is lacking. Our overarching aim was to improve this understanding, in order to better support future pathways for agricultural development in smallholder farming. Over five seasons, we compared the responses of farmers in western Kenya taking part in a novel co-learning program we developed, which included provision of an input voucher, with the responses of farmers who only received a voucher. We also assessed the differences before and during the program. We used diverse indicators that were related to the different agricultural development pathways. Farmer responses were mainly a result of the input voucher. Farmers increased maize yields (intensification) and maize area (specialization) for maize self-sufficiency. Increased farm and maize areas in combination with relatively low N application rates also pointed to extensification coupled with the risk of soil N mining. Diversification by increasing the soybean and groundnut area share was facilitated by the integrated co-learning approach, which thereby supported relatively complex farm management changes. Our results highlight the difficulty of enabling yield and production increases, while also meeting environmental and economic goals. The diversity of farmer responses and constraints beyond the farm level underlined the importance of wider socio-economic developments in addition to support of sustainable intensification at farm level. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Indicators Living income Multi-criteria assessment N use efficiency Pathways Smallholder farmers Sub-Saharan Africa Subsidies Sustainable intensification Yield PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agronomy for Sustainable Development 43 3 19 17740746
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/616172 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Narrowing yield gaps does not guarantee a living income from smallholder farming–an empirical study from western Kenya Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1371/journal.pone.0283499 85153412368 000985308900007 en Crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa need to increase to keep pace with food demands from the burgeoning population. Smallholder farmers play an important role in national food self-sufficiency, yet many live in poverty. Investing in inputs to increase yields is therefore often not viable for them. To investigate how to unlock this paradox, whole-farm experiments can reveal which incentives could increase farm production while also increasing household income. In this study we investigated the impact of providing farmers with a US$ 100 input voucher each season, for five seasons in a row, on maize yields and overall farm-level production in two contrasting locations in terms of population density, Vihiga and Busia, in western Kenya. We compared the value of farmers’ produce with the poverty line and the living income threshold. Crop yields were mainly limited by cash constraints and not by technological constraints as maize yield immediately increased from 16% to 40–50% of the water-limited yield with the provision of the voucher. In Vihiga, at best, one-third of the participating households reached the poverty line. In Busia half of the households reached the poverty line and one-third obtained a living income. This difference between locations was caused by larger farm areas in Busia. Although one third of the households increased the area farmed, mostly by renting land, this was not enough for them to obtain a living income. Our results provide empirical evidence of how a current smallholder farming system could improve its productivity and value of produce upon the introduction of an input voucher. We conclude that increasing yields of the currently most common crops cannot provide a living income for all households and additional institutional changes, such as alternative employment, are required to provide smallholder farmers a way out of poverty. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen PLoS ONE 18 4 16 19326203
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/615908 2023-07-07 DARC
Opvang centraal in Wereld-gesprek Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/615635 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Ground Zero? Let’s get real on regeneration : Report 1: state of the art and indicator selection Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Pulleman Mirjam 241589460 0000-0001-9950-0176 000000039241611X aut Sassen Marieke 371475775 0000-0001-8844-7437 0000000436376675 aut Pronk Annette 239389581 0000-0003-3451-0714 0000000110548828 aut Pratihast Arun 343947323 0000-0003-3131-8399 0000000419499710 aut Velthof Gerard 158721349 0000-0003-0838-5622 000000035873435X aut Rahn Eric aut Barthel Matti aut Lourenço Késia S. aut Diaz Andrea 424354268 0000000508117155 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen University & Research Wageningen 2023 66 10.18174/630630 en PE&RC Soil Biology Plant Production Systems Sustainable Soil Use Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics Applied Ecology PE&RC Bodembiologie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Duurzaam Bodemgebruik Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica Toegepaste Ecologie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/615593 2024-01-08 DARC
Onderzoekers: regeneratieve landbouw is veel meer dan beter bodembeheer Sukkel Wijnand 202129934 0000000391840189 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Klompe Koen 418649634 0000000492177275 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 PE&RC OT Team Agriculture & Society OT Team Bedrijfssyst.onderz./Bodemkwaliteit Plant Production Systems PE&RC OT Team Landbouw & Samenleving OT Team Bedrijfssyst.onderz./Bodemkwaliteit Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/615504 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Consistency, variability, and predictability of on-farm nutrient responses in four grain legumes across East and West Africa van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut Ronner Esther 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Baijukya Frederick aut Adjei-Nsiah Samuel aut Ebanyat Peter 218162693 000000037039444X aut Kamai Nkeki aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108975 85160571289 001012331900001 en Grain legumes are key components of sustainable production systems in sub-Saharan Africa, but wide-spread nutrient deficiencies severely restrict yields. Whereas legumes can meet a large part of their nitrogen (N) requirement through symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria, elements such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and secondary and micronutrients may still be limiting and require supplementation. Responses to P are generally strong but variable, while evidence for other nutrients tends to show weak or highly localised effects. Here we present the results of a joint statistical analysis of a series of on-farm nutrient addition trials, implemented across four legumes in four countries over two years. Linear mixed models were used to quantify both mean nutrient responses and their variability, followed by a random forest analysis to determine the extent to which such variability can be explained or predicted by geographic, environmental or farm survey data. Legume response to P was indeed variable, but consistently positive and we predicted application to be profitable for 67% of farms in any given year, based on prevailing input costs and grain prices. Other nutrients did not show significant mean effects, but considerable response variation was found. This response heterogeneity was mostly associated with local or temporary factors and could not be explained or predicted by spatial, biophysical or management factors. An exception was K response, which displayed appreciable spatial variation that could be partly accounted for by spatial and environmental covariables. While of apparent relevance for targeted recommendations, the minor amplitude of expected response, the large proportion of unexplained variation and the unreliability of the predicted spatial patterns suggests that such data-driven targeting is unlikely to be effective with current data. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Legumes Nutrient response variability Soil fertility Sub Saharan Africa PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Field Crops Research 299 03784290
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/615307 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Production variability and adaptation strategies of Ugandan smallholders in the face of climate variability and market shocks Wichern Jannike 408468432 0000-0002-8093-7455 0000000492957490 aut Hammond James aut van Wijk Mark T. 216112486 0000000390030686 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.crm.2023.100490 85149031413 000992018700001 en Climate-related variability in crop production and market price variability affect food and income security of Uganda's rural households. We used household surveys from two contrasting sites in Uganda to quantify the relationships between crop production variability, adaptation strategies and household resource characteristics. Variability of production was large for all crops with almost doubling of yields under good conditions and halving of yields in bad years. Ex-post adaptation strategies were common, and the most frequent were relying on off-farm income, selling livestock, and reducing food consumption. Using off-farm income or selling livestock to compensate for crop damage were not feasible for 25–50% of the population. Few households applied ex-ante adaptation strategies, and those who did used strategies that required little financial investment, such as switching crops. The restricted application of ex-ante adaptation strategies and the fact that major ex-post adaptation strategies were inaccessible for large parts of the population is alarming considering that climate change studies show that weather variability and extreme weather events are expected to worsen and to jeopardize crop production. Interventions must aim to reduce households’ sensitivity to variability in crop production and prices by increased preparedness to shocks, strengthening the asset base, and diversifying the livelihood portfolio. Social protection programmes are important for the poor who have no means to cushion effects from climate or price variability. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Adaptive capacity Climate variability Food price Price variability Sensitivity Vulnerability PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Climate Risk Management 40 15 22120963
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/614697 2024-01-08 DARC
The Environmental Disaster Lurking Inside Your Chocolate Bar Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/614514 2024-03-25 DARC edurep
Introduction to AGROSTAC: repository on harmonized open in-situ data around key agronomy observations Boogaard Hendrik 145697894 0000-0001-7831-2280 0000000396256766 aut Janssen Sander 314627162 0000-0003-2226-0674 000000039265496X aut de Groot Hugo 097774677 0000000390381857 aut van Kraalingen Daniel 074394126 0000-0003-0562-5563 0000000390678319 aut Hoek Steven 314623914 0000000392797784 aut Gilliams Sven aut Tits Laurent aut Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut Verrydt J. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 10.5281/zenodo.7708022 PE&RC Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics Sociology of Development and Change PE&RC Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/613817 2024-01-16 DARC edurep
Bram Vermeulen visits his sources of inspiration in Wageningen Koot Stasja 363397043 0000-0001-8625-7525 0000000423195955 aut Büscher Bram 284226564 000000039399443X aut Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut Thakholi Lerato 0000000503783087 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2023 The former NOS reporter includes topics pertaining to the social sciences in his documentary Frontlinie (Frontline) WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/612741 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Evaluating combined effects of pesticide and crop nutrition (with N, P, K and Si) on weevil damage in East African Highland Bananas Bukomeko Hannington aut Taulya Godfrey aut Schut Antonius G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Kubiriba Jerome aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1371/journal.pone.0282493 85149761515 000988254500001 en Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar) is a major pest in East African Highland Banana. The influence of crop nutritional status on weevil damage is poorly understood. Nutrient availability affects the nutritional quality of plants for weevils and may affect weevil damage. Here, we evaluate the effect of insecticides alone and in combination with fertilisers (N, P, K and Si) on weevil damage using data from two experiments in central and southwest Uganda. In the first experiment, we varied chlorpyrifos and application rates of N, P and K. In the second experiment, we varied the application rates of K and Si. Treatment effects were analysed using generalised linear mixed models with a negative binomial distribution. In the first experiment, chlorpyrifos reduced and N increased weevil damage, while P and K had no significant effect. In the K or Si application rates reduced weevil damage compared with the control. We conclude that the combined application of chlorpyrifos with K and Si fertilisers can contribute to weevil damage control on sites with low nutrient availability and should form part of integrated weevil management in bananas. Future studies should assess how much reduction in insecticide use is possible in EAHB with judicious input rates. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen PLoS ONE 18 3 12 19326203
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/612045 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The role of inter-specific competition for water in maize-legume intercropping systems in northern Tanzania Mugi-Ngenga E. 0000000508197482 aut Bastiaans L. 111563399 0000-0002-8465-3003 0000000356607103 aut Anten N.P.R. 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Zingore S. aut Baijukya F. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103619 85148758849 000996267100001 en Maize-legume intercropping is common in sub-Saharan Africa. Effects of legumes on the companion maize crop are determined principally by choice of legume species and relative introduction time. Performance of intercrops is optimized when legumes' planting is timed such that their peak growth phase occurs after maize harvest, with legumes utilizing the residual soil moisture. OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand the role of inter-specific competition for water in maize-pigeonpea and maize-lablab intercrops. METHODS: We analysed experimentally determined shoot biomass of sole and intercropped maize, lablab, long and medium- duration pigeonpea. Experiments were conducted in northern Tanzania for two consecutive seasons. The second season was drier (236 mm) than the first (551 mm). We constructed a parameter-sparse growth model, calibrated based on sole crops data. The model calculates growth rate as radiation interception × radiation-use efficiency. When simulated actual soil moisture content fell below a species-specific critical level, the ratio between actual and potential transpiration for that species decreased, and crop growth rate was reduced proportional to this reduction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was good agreement between simulated and observed shoot biomass of maize and the legumes. With rooting depth of 60 cm, maize was simulated to be sensitive to annual precipitation, resulting in 3.5 t ha−1 (34%) reduction in shoot dry matter production in the second season. By contrast, the legumes, with a rooting depth of 200 cm did not experience water shortage in either of the two seasons, resulting in nearly identical shoot dry matter production in both seasons. Explorative simulations assuming the legumes to have shallower rooting depth confirmed the importance of this trait for avoidance of water stress, with simulated reductions in dry matter production of 23–34% for the legumes when rooting depth was reduced from 200 to 60 cm. Maize in the intercrop was modestly influenced by the legumes due to light competition. In the low precipitation season, additional competition for water occurred and water shortage for maize was aggravated. Maize influenced the legumes only through competition for light, as a tap root allowed the legumes to utilize water stored in deeper soil layers. During the co-growth period, competition for light exerted by maize on the legumes was strong, but they partly compensated for this in the period after maize harvest. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results emphasize the important role of the deep legume tap root for the success of maize-legume intercrops under rain-fed conditions. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Intercropping Radiation interception Radiation-use efficiency Rooting depth Simulation Soil-water balance Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Agricultural Systems 207 18 0308521X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/612290 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Feed gap analysis of dual-purpose chicken production in Tanzania : Feed quantity and quality limited production Wilson Wilson C. 0000-0002-8020-7188 0000000512670789 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Baijukya Frederick P. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Oosting Simon 097212512 0000-0003-2080-1879 0000000368769556 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102574 85149280864 000957695700001 en The demand for chicken meat and eggs exceeds what can be produced in Tanzania, largely due to low productivity of the sector. Feed quantity and quality are the major factors determining the potential production and productivity of chickens. The present study explored the yield gap in chicken production in Tanzania and analyses the potential of increased chicken production as a result of closing the feed gaps. The study focused on feed aspects limiting dual-purpose chicken production in semi-intensive and intensive systems. A total of 101 farmers were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire and the amount of feed provided to chickens per day was quantified. Feed was sampled for laboratory analysis and physical assessments were made of weights of chicken bodies and eggs. The results were compared with the recommendations for improved dual-purpose crossbred chickens, exotic layers, and broilers. The results show that the feeds were offered in insufficient quantity compared with the recommendations for laying hens (125 g/chicken unit/d). Indigenous chickens were fed 111 and 67 while the improved crossbred chickens were fed 118 and 119 g/chicken unit/d under semi-intensive and intensive systems, respectively. Most feeds fed to dual-purpose chickens were of low nutritional quality, particularly lacking in crude protein and essential amino acids in both rearing systems and breeds. Maize bran, sunflower seedcake, and fishmeal were the main sources of energy and protein in the study area. The study findings show that the important feed ingredients: protein sources, essential amino acids, and premixes were expensive, and were not included in formulating compound feeds by most chicken farmers. Of all 101 respondents interviewed, only one was aware of aflatoxin contamination and its effects on animal and human health. All feed samples contained a detectable concentration of aflatoxins and 16% of them exceeded the allowed toxicity thresholds (>20 µg/kg). We highlight the need for a stronger focus on feeding strategies and ensuring the availability of suitable and safe feed formulations. PE&RC WIAS Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems aflatoxin feed ingredient feed quantity productivity PE&RC WIAS Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Poultry Science 102 5 13 00325791
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/612595 2024-01-26 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Understanding coffee farming practices and prospects in Yemen : case study from Bani Matar Al-Najjar Arzaq aut Dijkxhoorn Youri 323175279 0000000391140131 aut Zubiry Rehab aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research Wageningen 2023 38 10.18174/589422 en Yemen faces a multitude of conflict-related and structural challenges, as a result, the agricultural productivity has been low. Coffee has been an important subsector and used to be an important source of income for farmers but nowadays coffee hardly generates a profit. Farmers are expanding qat production due to increasing consumer demand and better profits. An expansion of qat production also puts pressure on the scarce water supply in the country. This study provides insight into how coffee is grown and traded and how the sector can be supported for sustainable development and how it can be more attractive to grow coffee instead of qat. Jemen wordt geconfronteerd met een groot aantal conflictgerelateerde en structurele problemen. In de landbouw is de productiviteit laag. Koffie is van oudsher een belangrijke subsector geweest en zorgde vroeger voor inkomsten voor boeren, maar tegenwoordig maken de boeren nauwelijks nog winst met de koffieteelt. Daarentegen breiden de boeren de productie van qat uit vanwege de toenemende consumentenvraag en de goede winsten voor de boeren. De productie van qat legt ook een druk op de schaarse watervoorraad in het land. Deze studie geeft inzicht in de manier waarop koffie wordt verbouwd en verhandeld in de Jemenitische koffiesector. Ook worden aanbevelingen gedaan over hoe de koffiesector kan worden ondersteund met het oog op duurzame ontwikkeling. Development Economics Sustainable Value Chain Ontwikkelingseconomie Sustainable Value Chain
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/612349 2024-01-08 DARC
Exploring crop diversity to develop better systems for protein production Ronner E. 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Stomph T.J. 314610995 0000-0001-5984-1523 0000000394911624 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2023 en Feeding the growing world population in a sustainable way is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Crop diversification with legumes contributes to improved availability of plant-based proteins, next to additional farming system benefits. The competitive balance between species and the technological requirements to develop economic and environmentally attractive systems are key matters of concern. Crop Physiology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Crop Physiology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Our future proteins S. Pyett edt W. Jenkins edt B. van Mierlo edt L.M. Trindade edt D. Welch edt H. van Zanten edt 2023 VU University Press Amsterdam 9789086598830
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/610050 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Social status and the consumption of highly processed foods in Nigeria Mekonnen Daniel A. 314889523 0000-0002-8323-4384 0000000104522664 aut Achterbosch Thom 250212595 0000-0002-2608-1131 000000009693537X aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1093/qopen/qoac036 85162188233 en Food has been used to define social classes and as a means of embodying the ‘good life.’ Depending on the food culture and food environment, certain foods may be consumed more by the relatively higher income groups and therefore are perceived as ‘positional.’ This study examines whether social status—proxied by the relative consumption expenditures (the rank in the consumption expenditure distribution) and the relative deprivation in consumption expenditures—can explain household food choices. Based on the nationally representative Nigeria General Household Panel Surveys and using fixed effects estimations, we find that consumption of highly processed foods is strongly associated with the social status of the household. We observe differences amongst highly processed foods consumed at home and away from home, across geographic locations and consumption expenditure terciles. The results of this study provide suggestive evidence that reducing income inequality is required to support healthier household food preferences beyond social status. Development Economics International Policy Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid Q Open 3 1 26339048
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/609402 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Beyond technocracy : The role of the state in rural development in the Eastern Cape, South Africa Hebinck† Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Smith Lothar aut Aliber Michael aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106527 85145986865 000918346700001 en Drawing on longitudinal research engagement with villages and government projects in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, we argue the case for a strong revamp of government policies on rural development. Thereby we suggest that the legitimacy of ascribing to policy a notion of “post-apartheid” is largely redundant as current development policies in rural South Africa have not changed sufficiently. Notably the underlying rationale behind government interventions and associated governance mechanisms remains highly technocratic. This represents a strong continuity in the role of the state and its quest to restructure and modernise the rural economy. We question the efficacy of such a technocratic approach when it seems so disconnected from the socio-economically fluid and spatially heterogeneous spaces created by rural populations who, in the process of defining and pursuing their livelihood goals in relation to particular identities, and ideals around notions of modernity, produce livelihood constructions and identities that are seldom confined to the village or the agricultural sector alone. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Agricultural development Eastern Cape Former homelands Policy Rural development South Africa Technocracy WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Land Use Policy 126 02648377
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/608146 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon Moinet G.Y. 0000-0002-5347-8847 0000000390148342 aut Hijbeek R. 370734815 0000-0001-8214-9121 0000000436369272 aut van Vuuren Detlef P. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1111/gcb.16570 85146355792 000921310900001 en The role of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as a ‘win-win’ solution to both climate change and food insecurity receives an increasing promotion. The opportunity may be too good to be missed! Yet the tremendous complexity of the two issues at stake calls for a detailed and nuanced examination of any potential solution, no matter how appealing. Here, we critically re-examine the benefits of global SOC sequestration strategies on both climate change mitigation and food production. While estimated contributions of SOC sequestration to climate change vary, almost none take SOC saturation into account. Here, we show that including saturation in estimations decreases any potential contribution of SOC sequestration to climate change mitigation by 53%–81% towards 2100. In addition, reviewing more than 21 meta-analyses, we found that observed yield effects of increasing SOC are inconsistent, ranging from negative to neutral to positive. We find that the promise of a win-win outcome is confirmed only when specific land management practices are applied under specific conditions. Therefore, we argue that the existing knowledge base does not justify the current trend to set global agendas focusing first and foremost on SOC sequestration. Away from climate-smart soils, we need a shift towards soil-smart agriculture, adaptative and adapted to each local context, and where multiple soil functions are quantified concurrently. Only such comprehensive assessments will allow synergies for land sustainability to be maximised and agronomic requirements for food security to be fulfilled. This implies moving away from global targets for SOC in agricultural soils. SOC sequestration may occur along this pathway and contribute to climate change mitigation and should be regarded as a co-benefit. PE&RC Soil Biology Plant Production Systems PE&RC Bodembiologie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Global Change Biology 29 9 2384 2398 13541013
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/607295 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Increased mineral fertilizer use on maize can improve both household food security and regional food production in East Africa Falconnier Gatien N. aut Leroux Louise aut Beillouin Damien aut Corbeels Marc aut Hijmans Robert J. aut Bonilla-Cedrez Camila 0000-0002-7774-365X 0000000508349992 aut van Wijk Mark aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Zingore Shamie aut Affholder François aut Lopez-Ridaura Santiago aut Malézieux Eric aut Makowski David aut Rurinda Jairos aut van Ittersum Martin K. 101282281 0000-0001-8611-6781 0000000122377237 aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Lammoglia Sabine Karen aut Waha Katharina aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103588 85144356545 000906462700001 en CONTEXT: Despite recent improvements in living standards, a substantial proportion of farm households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is food insecure, and increasing crop productivity could help address this problem. OBJECTIVE: We estimated the effect of increasing maize yields with mineral fertilizer on household food security and on regional and national maize supply in two East African countries - Uganda and Tanzania. METHODS: We estimated maize yield response to nitrogen (N) fertilization with a machine learning model trained on 15,952 observations of maize responses to fertilizer across SSA. Together with spatial price data, we used this model to quantify the profit-maximizing N fertilizer input for a nationally-representative sample of 4188 agricultural households in the two countries. We computed a food availability indicator for all households. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean profit-maximizing N input was 82 kg/ha in Tanzania, but it was much lower in Uganda (24 kg/ha) mostly because of less favorable prices. The profit-maximizing N input was above the reported N input for 95% of the households in Tanzania and for 43% of the households in Uganda. It was predicted to increase the food availability ratio of food insecure maize growers by 95% in Tanzania, and by 25% in Uganda. The administrative regions where maize supply could increase most were not the same as the regions where the increase in household-level food security was largest. With increased fertilization, food insecure maize growing households (35% in Tanzania and 42% in Uganda) could only contribute about 20% of the overall increase in maize supply, whereas the 20 to 30% food secure households that have a larger area planted with maize could contribute >60%. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study makes two key contributions: i) a substantial increase in national maize supply is more likely to come from already food secure households with relatively large farms, while food insecure households with small farms may nevertheless increase their household-level food security through maize intensification, and ii) high potential areas to increase maize domestic production do not necessarily match with areas where there is immediate scope to improve household-level food security. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems LSMS-ISA household surveys Random forest Sub-Saharan Africa PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Agricultural Systems 205 0308521X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606126 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Seasonality and nutrition-sensitive farming in rural Northern Ghana de Jager Ilse 0000-0001-6225-248X 0000000492957116 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Brouwer Inge D. 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1007/s12571-022-01325-5 85142479024 000886812100001 en In rural sub-Saharan Africa, where malnutrition in all its forms is rife, the greatest gap between the availability of foods and the foods needed for a nutritious diet are faced during the ‘hunger season’. We investigated what rural households in Northern Ghana would need to grow to ensure year-round availability of a nutrient adequate diet or the income required to fulfil their dietary needs. We applied linear programming to model different scenarios and interventions. Our results provide three major insights. First, considering seasonality is crucial in nutrition-sensitive farming. Ensuring a nutritious diet year-round requires enhanced availability of vegetables and fruits throughout the year. Second, although staple crops do not provide the full range of essential nutrients, increasing their yields allows for a reduction of field size, freeing up space for the production of other foods belonging to a nutritious diet, such as vegetables. Third, small farms are unable to produce sufficient food to cover their needs. They depend on income both from agriculture and other sources, and the availability of types of foods on markets to meet their dietary needs. Our study shows the value of modelling the range of dietary effects from agricultural interventions in a specific context, using a local feasible nutritious diet as a starting point and taking seasonality into account. VLAG PE&RC Global Nutrition Plant Production Systems Food affordability Food availability Household Linear programming Nutrient adequate diet VLAG PE&RC Wereldvoeding Plantaardige Productiesystemen Food Security 15 2 381 394 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/602272 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Government through clanship : Governing Ethiopia’s Somali pastoralists through a community-based social protection programme Alene G.D. 0000-0002-4037-7262 aut Duncan Jessica 405412231 0000-0003-0511-0068 0000000440061860 aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1177/02610183221119718 85137235574 000848338100001 en Drawing on an analysis of the implementation of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in the Somali periphery, we consider how the programme is promoted as an ‘innovative’ social protection programme that links food security with development projects. Underpinning its ‘innovative’ role is a community-based approach, focusing upon the institutions, values and capacities of a community. Taking the case of the nomadic pastoralists in Ethiopia’s Somali region, we consider the role of clans as the ‘dominant’ grassroot socio-political organizations. Our analysis, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork shows how in the implementation of PSNP the mobilization and (re)deployment of clanship values and rules create legible and governable Somali pastoral subjects. This is in line with the Ethiopian state’s conception of ‘improvement’ and ‘modern’ way of life based on sedentary-based development and governance. We illustrate how clan leaders unwittingly (re)organize their clan (leadership) values and capacities to support this project. We argue that clan-based implementation of PSNP has become an ‘effective’ mechanism of extending state power and governing nomadic pastoralists, leading to changes in relations of authority and in forms of (inter)subjectivity between pastoralists, their clan (leaders) and the state. Towards this end, we put forward the concept of ‘government through clanship’ to reflect the assemblage of these practices, processes and changes which would offer critical analytical insights into social policies claimed to be community-based. WASS Rural Sociology Sociology of Development and Change PSNP clanship community-based programme governmentality social protection WASS Rurale Sociologie Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Critical Social Policy 43 1 157 177 02610183
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/601154 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Conservation Science and Discursive Violence: A Response to Two Rejoinders Koot Stasja 363397043 0000-0001-8625-7525 0000000423195955 aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Sullivan Sian aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1080/08941920.2022.2064023 85130471032 000795580600001 en We respond to two rejoinders to our review article “Science for Success,” which proposed fuller contextualization of epistemological approach, researcher position and interests in conservation research. This way readers—including reviewers and journal editors—can better understand and interpret findings. We suggest this contextualization is particularly important when conservation and development professionals undertake research about programs they are involved in, as this can potentially create a conflict of interest. Both rejoinders follow an extended process of complaint about our article that included academic and legal threats, and ad hominem attacks, with little engagement with the points made about researcher positionality. We consider this to be a form of “discursive violence” deployed to silence unfavorable perspectives, confirming our argument that positionality in conservation (research) begs self-reflection and transparent disclosure. WASS Sociology of Development and Change CBNRM Namibia conflict of interest conservation science discursive violence reflexivity researcher position tourism trophy hunting WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Society and Natural Resources 36 5 585 597 08941920
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/565578 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Science for Success—A Conflict of Interest? Researcher Position and Reflexivity in Socio-Ecological Research for CBNRM in Namibia Koot Stasja 363397043 0000-0001-8625-7525 0000000423195955 aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Sullivan Sian aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2023 10.1080/08941920.2020.1762953 85085682324 000538401600001 en This paper emphasizes the importance of researcher position and reflexivity for professionals in the ecological and development sciences. We draw on critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyze a selection of scientific papers written by Namibian Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) professionals and their relationships with public discourse regarding this conservation and development program. These papers mainly show “success” whilst disregarding “failure” of elements in the program that elsewhere are highly criticized (especially trophy hunting and ecotourism). In addition, they seem to disregard questions concerning researchers’ conflicts of interest that bear on the papers’ “objectivity.” We argue that such positions beg more transparency and epistemological accountability. In particular, we propose greater disclosure and reflexivity regarding researcher positioning as an important methodological response for illuminating when and how researchers have an interest in specific outcomes of their research, so as to enhance interpretation of the knowledge produced by such research. WASS Sociology of Development and Change CBNRM Namibia conflict of interest critical discourse analysis methodology objectivity professionals reflexivity researcher position WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Society & Natural Resources 36 5 554 572 08941920
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/617515 2024-03-19 DARC
Ebola in Sierra Leone : Leveraging Community Assets to Strengthen Preparedness and Response Babawo Lawrence Sao aut Kamara Foday Mahmoud aut Mokuwa Esther Yei 341654698 0000000393404620 aut Mokuwa Gelejimah Alfred aut Nyakoi Marion Baby May aut Richards Paul 072160462 0000-0001-5813-0228 0000000114746944 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.1007/978-3-030-92296-2_6 85165122690 en This chapter offers a summary account of the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone 2014–2015, paying particular attention to local level response. The role of social and cultural factors in both supporting and hindering medical response to the disease is discussed. Local public authority was important in determining the success of response efforts. A lesson for pandemic preparedness is that responders should focus on improving coordination at the local level. In some cases, this required local conflict resolution. An example is given where unaddressed community conflicts complicated epidemic management. Ebola, however, is a readily legible disease; local communities quickly understood how infection spread. A comparison with COVID-19 shows that infection patterns are much harder to read with the SARS Cov-2 virus. In this case, public trust will be a decisive issue. WASS Development Economics COVID-19 Community response Ebola Public authority Trust WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Communication and Community Engagement in Disease Outbreaks E. Manoncourt edt R. Obregon edt K. Chitnis edt 2022 Springer 9783030922955
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/611120 2024-01-26 DARC
Afrikaanse boer betaalt de prijs voor onze chocola Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Waarts Yuca 321762495 0000000393980150 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 Development Economics International Policy Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/610848 2024-03-07 DARC
Disaster Subculture in Greater Concepción, Chile: Resourcefulness in the Face of Earthquake and Tsunami Events Engel Karen 35355071X 0000-0002-3903-5302 000000041954696X aut Warner Jeroen 109311094 0000-0003-2847-8770 0000000109770560 aut Frerks Georg 07281943X 0000000384066519 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1177/028072702204000101 en On February 27, 2010, Greater Concepción (GC), Chile, was hit by a magnitude 8.8 earthquake that triggered a tsunami. This article presents the findings in a qualitative and exploratory study format that used the disaster subculture framework as a lens to learn more about the vulnerability, specifically capacity of response, that people in GC experience vis-a-vis substantial earthquake and tsunami events. By applying the disaster subculture lens we shed light on the means or assets that have emerged over time in response to recurring disasters and which form the basis of people's capacity of response. We found that the GC region is characterized by a long-standing, broad, and comprehensive disaster subculture that provides people with relevant resources to ensure resistance, agility, and adaptability in the face of substantial earthquake and tsunami events. Their disaster specific cultural reservoir included a clever mixture of tangible and intangible assets, ranging from values and beliefs to more complex technical systems. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 40 1 1 34 02807270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/609547 2024-01-08 DARC
Duurzame chocola van Cote d'Or roept vragen op Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/607456 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Mobilizing the Midstream for Supporting Smallholder Intensification Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Kuijpers Rob aut Dijkxhoorn Youri 323175279 0000000391140131 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3390/land11122319 85144856090 000902443400001 en Most policies and incentives that aim to enable smallholder farmers towards the intensification of their agri-food production systems focus on supply-side strategies, such as training, technical assistance or credit services. Far less attention is usually given to demand-side drivers, such as the role of midstream value chain actors supporting smallholder’s investments in primary production. This explorative paper provides new insights on the value addition in the production vs. the midstream segments of agri-food value chains. It focusses attention on the influence of value chain integration on smallholders’ production and investment opportunities, and the implications for the structure of primary production. We use data from several value chains in sub-Saharan Africa to illustrate how farmers link to commercial midstream actors are able to enhance resource productivity, efficiency and profitability. In addition, we show that a larger role of the midstream in value added creation is associated with a more equal farm size distribution. Development Economics Sustainable Value Chain agri-food value chains agricultural intensification farm-size distribution midstream value added smallholders Ontwikkelingseconomie Sustainable Value Chain Land 11 12 2073445X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606601 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Gendered (im)mobility: emotional decisions of staying in the context of climate risks in Bangladesh Tripathy Furlong Basundhara aut Adams Helen aut Boas Ingrid 323254438 0000-0001-7842-5883 0000000388088336 aut Warner Jeroen 109311094 0000-0003-2847-8770 0000000109770560 aut Van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1007/s10113-022-01974-4 000864633800001 en Immobility in the context of climate change and environmental risks is understudied, particularly its relation to gender. In this article, we further understanding of immobility to include the gendered influences on potential of people to decide non-movement, decipher meanings that are attached with it and explore how it relates to mobility. We analyse emotions of women and men with different mobility experiences, reflecting their ideas of home, risk perceptions and construction of identity that are informed by gender and central to understanding immobility. Through ethnographic data collected in Bangladesh, we look into details of gendered ways of experiencing immobility where male and female attitudes to staying are distinctly different, yet intersect in many ways. Our data reveal how social and cultural context (patriarchy, social norms, cultural values and shared beliefs) and personal emotions (feelings of belonging, attachment, loyalty, modesty) regulate people’s actions on immobility decisions. The decision to stay is relational, where individuals practicing mobility and immobility interact in specific contexts of climate change. The act of staying, especially for women, is dictated by degrees of freedom of want, where desires of movement might exist, but reality of fulfilling them does not. Immobility can have its limitations for women, but can also be an empowering experience for some. Thus, to better understand gendered immobility, we must explore the emotions that provide meaning to the process of staying, while recognizing its interrelationship with mobility. Environmental Policy WASS WIMEK Sociology of Development and Change Milieubeleid WASS WIMEK Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Regional Environmental Change 22 4 14363798
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606569 2024-01-26 DARC edurep
Standardization of Living income benchmarking and knowledge gaps in farmer income assessment in cocoa farming. Slingerland M.A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van de Ven G.W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Waarts Y.R. 321762495 0000000393980150 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper 2022 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems International Policy PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606555 2024-02-09 DARC edurep publickb
Standardization of Living income benchmarking and knowledge gaps in farmer income assessment in cocoa farming. How to proceed? Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Waarts Yuca 321762495 0000000393980150 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 PE&RC Plant Production Systems International Policy PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606320 2024-01-08 DARC
Not method nor processes but ‘omics’ should be decisive Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606218 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public
Why the Buzz on Regenerative Agriculture? : What does it mean for the way we produce our food and for agricultural research in Africa? Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/contributiontoPeriodical 2022 10.55693/ga11.kdvj45831 en Regenerative Agriculture is taking the world by storm! Civil society, agribusiness, farmers, NGOs, multinationals—and increasingly researchers—are aligning around this new paradigm. But what is Regenerative Agriculture? What does it mean for the way we produce our food and for agricultural research in Africa? PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Growing Africa 1 1 12 16 27912914
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/606217 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Special Issue: Biomimicry and Nature-based Solutions Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 edt Sumberg J. edt text info:eu-repo/semantics/book Sage 2022 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605916 2024-02-01 DARC edurep publickb
Indifferent to difference? Thuijsman E.C. 416320120 aut den Braber H.J. 434873853 0000-0003-1668-7209 0000000505031786 aut Andersson J.A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut Descheemaeker K.K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Baudron Frédéric aut Lopez-Ridaura Santiago aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 1 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605679 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Community-based approaches to support the anchoring of climate-smart agriculture in Tanzania Pamuk Haki 381333493 0000-0003-2454-1058 0000000443755219 aut van Asseldonk Marcel 181269325 0000000382247535 aut Wattel Cor 130339628 0000-0002-1054-4234 0000000031583748 aut Ng'ang'a Stanley Karanja 373564422 0000-0002-6166-7920 0000000436386910 aut Hella Joseph Philip aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3389/fclim.2022.1016164 85142078372 001021830500001 en We assess the impact of community-based approaches to promote adoption of integrated climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices based on soybean cultivation combined with mulching, intercropping, crop rotation, manure application and rhizobium inoculation methods. We use quasi-experimental data of farmers participating in Farmer Field Business Schools (FFBS) and Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) in Iringa region of Tanzania. Farmers received technical training and financial support for the initial adoption of soybean production, and women's empowerment supported household's continuous involvement in CSA practices. We find a positive effect for farmers participating in the trainings provided by the FFBSs and receiving microfinance services from VLSA members on the adoption rates of several CSA practices, and this effect became more pronounced for households with higher scores on women empowerment. Farm-level improvement in soybean production and market-level incentives for soybean sales should also strengthen household income, consumption and nutrition levels to maintain CSA practices. Community-based platforms create critical external conditions for introducing CSA practices, but women's empowerment is indispensable for intrinsic incentives for anchoring their adoption. WASS Development Economics Transition Risk and Innovation Governance International Policy Tanzania adoption anchoring climate-smart practices community-based approaches village loans women empowerment WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Transition Risk and Innovation Governance Internationaal Beleid Frontiers in Climate 4 26249553
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605201 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Drylands, frontiers, and the politics of change García Angela Kronenburg aut Haller Tobias aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut Warner Jeroen 109311094 0000-0003-2847-8770 0000000109770560 aut Samimi Cyrus aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.4324/9781003174486-1 85141550564 en Change is of all times, but it would appear that in the drylands of Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia/Inner Asia it is happening in an overwhelming manner. Climate change, growing political instability, and increasing enclosures of large expanses of land are some of the changes with far-reaching consequences for those who make their living in the drylands. This edited volume is about the changes that arise from the entanglement of global interests and narratives with the local struggles that have always existed in the drylands. In this chapter, the notion of ‘frontier’ is proposed as a metaphor to frame this entanglement and as a way to bring the different chapters in the volume together. Overviews of the chapters show that to understand the full politics of frontier processes, analytical approaches are necessary that take into account historical institutional changes and different forms of power relations. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Drylands Facing Change A. Kronenburg García edt T. Haller edt H. van Dijk edt C. Samimi edt J. Warner edt 2022 Taylor & Francis 9781032005089
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605200 2024-03-27 DARC
Religious movements in the drylands : Ethnicity, jihadism, and violent extremism van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut de Bruijn Mirjam D. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.4324/9781003174486-12 85141553299 en Over the past decades, extremist violence and jihadism/religious movements have become an important factor in the political and economic developments of drylands. This evolution has been attributed to a variety of underlying dynamics that are typical for drylands, including increasing scarcity of land and water due to climate change; a growing population; the poor performance and authoritarian character of states; increasing displacements and resettlements related to large-scale investments; and progressive marginalization and exclusion of specific social groups. In addition, increasing levels of conflict between population groups have provided a fertile ground for recruitment by armed groups for self-defence and religious purposes, often along ethnic lines, and also to secure access to natural resources. The chapter discusses the backgrounds of these movements and shows how a jihadist movement in the Sahel transformed from a terrorist movement into a rural insurgency. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Drylands Facing Change A. Kronenburg García edt T. Haller edt H. van Dijk edt C. Samimi edt J. Warner edt 2022 Taylor & Francis 9781032005089
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605198 2024-03-27 DARC
Climate variability and institutional fexibility : Resource governance at the intersection between ecological instability and mobility in drylands van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut Samimi Cyrus aut Zandler Harald aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.4324/9781003174486-3 85141574560 en Drylands are characterized by high rainfall variability, both in time and space. Long dry seasons, large fluctuations in annual rainfall, and intra-seasonal and localized droughts result in even more extreme fluctuations in resource availability. Typically, dryland inhabitants respond using a range of strategies, including investments in land but also extensive mobile use of natural resources such as nomadic pastoralism. This flexible use of natural resources is also reflected in the flexible set-up of natural resource governance regimes. Yet these flexible regimes increasingly run counter to formal systems of land tenure and land allocation and are affected by increasing climate variability and progressive climate change. In this chapter, an overview will be provided of the main issues at the intersection between climate variability and resource governance regimes and the linkages with present-day climate change. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Drylands Facing Change A. Kronenburg García edt T. Haller edt H. van Dijk edt C. Samimi edt J. Warner edt 2022 Taylor & Francis 9781032005089
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/605191 2024-03-27 DARC
Drylands facing change : Interventions, investments and identities García Angela Kronenburg edt Haller Tobias edt van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 edt Samimi Cyrus edt Warner Jeroen 109311094 0000-0003-2847-8770 0000000109770560 edt text info:eu-repo/semantics/book Taylor & Francis 2022 257 10.4324/9781003174486 85141647149 en This edited volume examines the changes that arise from the entanglement of global interests and narratives with the local struggles that have always existed in the drylands of Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia/Inner Asia. Changes in drylands are happening in an overwhelming manner. Climate change, growing political instability, and increasing enclosures of large expanses of often common land are some of the changes with far-reaching consequences for those who make their living in the drylands. At the same time, powerful narratives about the drylands as 'wastelands' and their 'backward' inhabitants continue to hold sway, legitimizing interventions for development, security, and conservation, informing re-emerging frontiers of investment (for agriculture, extraction, infrastructure), and shaping new dryland identities. The chapters in this volume discuss the politics of change triggered by forces as diverse as the global land and resource rush, the expansion of new Information and Communication Technologies, urbanization, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the spread of violent extremism. While recognizing that changes are co-produced by differently positioned actors from within and outside the drylands, this volume presents the dryland's point of view. It therefore takes the views, experiences, and agencies of dryland dwellers as the point of departure to not only understand the changes that are transforming their lives, livelihoods, and future aspirations, but also to highlight the unexpected spaces of contestation and innovation that have hitherto remained understudied. This edited volume will be of much interest to students, researchers, and scholars of natural resource management, land and resource grabbing, political ecology, sustainable development, and drylands in general. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/602711 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The role of nitrogen fixation and crop N dynamics on performance and legacy effects of maize-grain legumes intercrops on smallholder farms in Tanzania Mugi-Ngenga E. aut Bastiaans L. 111563399 0000-0002-8465-3003 0000000356607103 aut Zingore S. aut Anten N.P.R. 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126617 85137789822 000867631900001 en Maize-grain legume intercrops form an important component of the cropping systems of smallholder farmers in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effects of cropping system and fertilizer use on nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake of component crops in maize-legume intercrops are not well understood. Our study addressed the questions: (i) What is the capacity of pigeonpea and lablab to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) in sole crop and when intercropped with maize on smallholder farms across different agro-ecological conditions?; (ii) How does productivity and N-uptake by sole and intercropped maize and legumes respond to N and P fertilizer?; and (iii) What are the residual effects of the sole crops, intercrops and fertilizer treatments on the productivity of a succeeding maize crop? We studied additive intercropping systems on eight farms in Babati, Tanzania: maize-long duration pigeonpea, maize-medium duration pigeonpea and maize-lablab, with separate sole crops, at three fertilizer rates: no fertilizer; 40 kg P ha−1; and 90 kg N ha−1 + 40 kg P ha−1. Whereas P fertilizer was applied on maize and the legumes, the N fertilizer was only applied on maize. Maize and pigeonpea were sown simultaneously, while lablab was relay-planted one month later. N2-fixation was quantified using the 15N natural abundance method. N2-fixation differed among the legume species. Sole long-duration pigeonpea fixed significantly more N2 (20–63 kg ha−1 more) than all other cropping systems, corresponding to the greater shoot dry matter and N yield of this system. The combined N uptake of maize and legume in intercrops was consistently larger than that of sole maize or the legume. Application of fertilizer resulted in enhanced N uptake both in the current season (up to 40 kg N ha−1 more) and in a succeeding maize crop (up to 71 kg N ha−1 more). We observed positive associations between grain yield, dry matter production and total N uptake of a succeeding maize crop, and the N-fixed by legume species in the preceding season. Each kg of legume shoot N yield was associated with up to 14 kg ha−1 extra grain yield, 29 kg ha−1 extra dry matter and 0.5 kg ha−1 extra total N uptake of the succeeding maize crop. Our results show that maize-legume intercrops enhance N-uptake. Furthermore, N2-fixation by sole or intercropped legumes confers strong residual benefits on productivity of a succeeding maize crop. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Biological nitrogen fixation Intercropping Lablab N natural abundance N-uptake Pigeonpea Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen European Journal of Agronomy 141 11610301
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/602193 2024-01-26 DARC
Reconsidering inputs, reducing losses and recycling waste in circular agri-food systems van Berkum S. 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 en Regardless of how we technically define food loss and waste, significant losses and waste occur throughout our current agrifood systems, ranging from farm-level practices causing nutrient depletion, food value chains suffering post-harvest losses, and households and communities generating solid and liquid waste and human excreta.These losses and waste can be lessened if material flows can be shifted towards reducing, reusing and recycling; in other words, by transforming linear food systems into more circular ones. In addition, new technologies and biotechnology can advance this transformative shift through novel foods and fertilisers that lead food systems away from fossil fuel dependence Development Economics International Policy Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid A journey into the world's food systems in search of losses, waste and ways to solve them S. Stroosnijder edt B. Hetterscheid edt B. Castelein edt 2022 Wageningen Food & Biobased Research 9789464472684
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/601757 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The diversity of smallholder chicken farming in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania reveals a range of underlying production constraints Wilson Wilson C. 0000-0002-8020-7188 0000000512670789 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Oosting Simon 097212512 0000-0003-2080-1879 0000000368769556 aut Baijukya Frederick P. 0000-0003-2586-2013 aut Smits Anne Jo aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102062 85136625209 000863191600012 en The poultry industry in Tanzania has grown steadily over the past decade. We surveyed 121 chicken farming households along an intensification gradient from backyard to semi-intensive and intensive production systems based on rearing system and assumed purpose and poultry breed in the Iringa region. About 30% of households had more than one breed and/or rearing system combination. The subdivision of poultry systems was refined by adding the size of the flocks to highlight variation in scale of operations. On this basis we distinguished 3 main types: 1) subsistence small-scale free-range chicken production; 2) market-oriented small to medium scale semi-intensive and 3) small to medium-large scale intensive systems. ‘Intensification’ involves the transition from keeping indigenous chickens to improved dual-purpose and exotic breeds driven by greater productivity and potential for income generation. The more intensive the production system, the more the intensity and diversity of diseases identified by farmers as their main problem, which was partly attributed to the greater sensitivity of the improved breeds, poor veterinary measures, and the high chicken density facilitating disease spread. Based on the survey we constructed a problem tree to classify the underlying constraints and their interrelations, and to identify common root causes, based on which we propose practical solutions to improve chicken production. Development of medium-large scale systems is particularly constrained by a limited supply of 1-day-old chicks and theft. By contrast, intensification of small-scale systems is constrained by limited access to quality feed, vaccines and medicines, capital, and lack of a reliable market, partly due to the absence of farmer organization. These constraints can be addressed through formation of producer groups and promotion of outgrower and enterprise development models. Enterprise development appears to be the most promising business model for smallholder chicken farmers given that it allows farmers more freedom in decision-making and management while strengthening linkages with input suppliers and output markets to ensure a viable and profitable business. PE&RC WIAS Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems chicken feed farm diversity intensification poultry management problem tree PE&RC WIAS Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Poultry Science 101 10 00325791
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/601755 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Immediate and residual-effects of sole and intercropped grain legumes in maize production systems under rain-fed conditions of Northern Tanzania Mugi-Ngenga E. aut Bastiaans L. 111563399 0000-0002-8465-3003 0000000356607103 aut Anten N.P.R. 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Zingore S. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108656 85136473587 000863318100005 en Intercropping of maize with grain-legume crops predominates on smallholder farms in East Africa. However, the growth and development of crops and their interaction with fertilizer in intercropping systems are not well understood. We sought to answer the questions: (i) what are the effects of fertilizer on the growth and development of maize-pigeonpea and maize-lablab intercropping systems under variable agroecological conditions? (ii) what are the residual effects of two seasons of sole and intercrops of maize, pigeonpea and lablab on a succeeding maize crop? We studied pure stands of maize, long-duration pigeonpea, medium-duration pigeonpea and lablab, and additive intercropping combinations on eight farms in Babati, Tanzania. The intercropping combinations studied were: maize with long-duration pigeonpea, maize with medium-duration pigeonpea and maize with lablab. Three fertilizer levels were applied: no fertilizer; 40 kg P ha−1; and 90 kg N ha−1 + 40 kg P ha−1. The P was applied at planting in the form of triple superphosphate to both maize and legumes, thus in intercrops the 40 kg P ha−1 was shared between maize and legume. The N was spot-applied in the form of urea in three equal splits, only on maize. The trials were implemented for two consecutive cropping seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019), without changing treatments and plot locations. To evaluate the residual effect of grain legumes, we planted a sole crop of maize in the third season (2019/2020) in all plots, with no addition of fertilizer. Maize and pigeonpea were sown simultaneously, while lablab was relay-planted one month after maize. Maize dry matter (DM) and grain yield were not significantly affected by the presence of legumes, but were about twice as large in 2017/2018 as in 2018/2019 season, likely due to the considerably higher rainfall in the 2017/2018 season. Legume productivity was more consistent across the two seasons. Legume crops in the intercrops produced significantly less DM and grain yield than in their respective pure stands, but maize yield did not differ significantly between sole and intercrops. The productivity of maize was significantly increased by N fertilization, but the legumes responded positively only to P fertilizer in the 2017/2018 season. Land-equivalent and area-time-equivalent ratios of intercropping systems were consistently greater than one. The DM and grain yield of maize following two seasons of legumes was consistently larger than in plots where maize was grown continuously. The P-fertilizer applied in the preceding seasons had significant residual effects on the yield of the succeeding maize crop. The temporal niche complementarity of pigeonpea and lablab with maize minimized competition in the intercrops, although intercrops are clearly more demanding in labor at planting and harvest. Overall, our results showed the superior performance of maize-legume intercropping over sole maize, both in terms of additional grain yield within a season and the residual effects in the succeeding season. We did not observe biotic constraints in the succeeding maize crop. Maize-legume intercropping with fertilizer application was effective in enhancing the productivity of smallholder cropping systems. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Cropping system Fertilizer Lablab Pigeonpea Residual effect Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Field Crops Research 287 03784290
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/601496 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Exploring gender and intersectionality from an assemblage perspective in food crop cultivation : A case of the Millennium Villages Project implementation site in western Kenya Kimanthi Hellen 39873691X 0000-0002-9133-4051 0000000492924672 aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Sato Chizu 357392167 0000-0002-5656-0280 0000000419537123 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106052 85135922558 000849711200002 en Gender essentialism in development practice has been criticised for more than three decades with little effect. We use gender and intersectionality within the framework of assemblage to analyse the relations, practices, and intersections of both human and nonhuman elements within the context of the Millennium Villages Project (MVP) in Luoland in western Kenya. This framework permits us to tease-apart essentially categorised ‘women’ revealing changing dynamics of senior and junior women within the Luo polygamous homestead, dala, and their implication for food security within. This insight reveals the inadequacy of essentialising representations of Luo women and the relevance of their recognition as social beings who differently construct themselves and their actions, in interaction with both human and nonhuman elements. Gender and intersectionality from an assemblage perspective makes visible the involved human and nonhuman intersecting elements and the changing dynamics within an ongoing process in a specific socio-ecological context that better support development. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Cultural Geography Assemblage Gender Gender essentialism Intersectionality Luoland The Millennium Villages Project WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Cultural Geography World Development 159 0305750X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/600660 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Coping with cereal production risks due to the vagaries of weather, labour shortages and input markets through management in southern Mali Huet E.K. 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Adam M. 314503366 0000-0002-8873-6762 0000000392188938 aut Traore B. 345688317 0000000419506888 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker K. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126587 85135186476 000860427200008 en Production of cereals (maize, sorghum, millet) in southern Mali is challenged by several hazards that affect yield and yield variability. The research aims to inform decision making towards effective risk management by quantifying cereal yield losses at field level due to production hazards under different management strategies. Five hazards relevant for farmers were analysed: late onset of rains, insufficient total rainfall, dry spells, low fertiliser quality and sudden lack of labour. The frequency and impact on yield of these hazards were assessed by combining a long term weather database (1965–2019) with outputs of the DSSAT crop model (baseline and optimised variety, fertiliser rates and sowing dates), and visualised in a risk matrix. The prevalence of the weather hazards was common, with all of them occurring at least once every five years. Frequency of non-weather hazards were perceived to occur once every five years (labour hazards) and once every ten years (fertiliser hazards). Under baseline conditions maize (3.39 t / ha) outperformed sorghum (1.74 t / ha) and millet (1.33 t / ha), except in cases of fertiliser hazard when sorghum yielded more than maize. Maize responded relatively well to N application, and sorghum performed relatively well without N application. The benefit of millet resided in low yield variability, and lower sensitivity to the weather hazards. Changing management to optimise yields generally involved early sowing (22 days, 2 days and 27 days after onset for maize, sorghum and millet), increased N applications (66 kg N / ha, 27 kg N / ha and 111 kg N / ha for maize, sorghum and millet), and using short duration varieties. For millet the long duration variety was more beneficial. For maize there was opportunity to increase the yield without affecting the risk of yield loss, while for sorghum there was a synergy and for millet a trade-off between yield and risk. The different interactions between hazards and management for the three cereals stress the importance of maintaining farm diversity, as well as operational farm flexibility to respond to production risks. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Crop model Hazard Maize Millet Sorghum West-Africa PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen European Journal of Agronomy 140 11610301
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/600413 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Farming Systems, Food Security and Farmers' Awareness of Ecosystem Services in Inland Valleys: A Study From Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana Alemayehu Tesfahun aut Assogba Guy Marius aut Gabbert Silke 314599517 0000-0001-6684-9486 0000000390315593 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Hammond James aut Arouna Aminou aut Dossou-Yovo Elliott Ronald aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3389/fsufs.2022.892818 85134195516 000828014400001 en Inland valleys (IVs) in West African countries have increasingly been used for crop production, including rice cultivation. Though it is widely assumed that IVs have a high potential to contribute to food security of West African countries, a comprehensive assessment of farming systems addressing agricultural, institutional, food security, poverty, and ecosystem indicators is still lacking. This study characterizes IVs' smallholder farm households at the regional and farm type level using Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) data collected from 733 randomly selected farm households in four agro-ecological regions, i.e., Bouaké and Gagnoa in Cote d'Ivoire, and Ahafo Ano North and Ahafo Ano South in Ghana. A farm typology is developed, and farm households are characterized with regard to demographic, agricultural, economic, and institutional indicators. Furthermore, farm households' food security and poverty status, and the importance of rice in the portfolio of crops, is assessed. Finally, farmers' awareness of different ecosystem services (ES) for their food security is examined. Four farm types are identified, i.e., farmers who rent all the land cultivated, farmers who own some land and rent extra land, farmers who own and cultivate all their land, and farmers cultivating only a part of the land they own. We find that the variation in farm households' demographic, economic, and institutional characteristics is greater between regions than within regions. Crop production, either for direct consumption or marketing, especially rice production, is the main contributor to daily energy intake, followed by wild food consumed. Still, a substantial percentage of the farm households (16–38%) in all regions cannot meet minimum daily energy requirements. Farmers of all farm types, and in all regions, attach high relevance to IVs' provisioning ES, particularly the ability to provide food. A majority of farmers in all regions highlighted the relevance of regulating ES, including climate regulation, water storage, and groundwater values for their wellbeing. In contrast, farmers attached relatively lower relevance to cultural ES. Interventions to improve national rice production need to acknowledge and preserve the diversity ES that IVs provide to smallholder farm households. PE&RC Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Plant Production Systems West Africa ecosystem services farm types farming system food security inland valleys rice cultivation PE&RC Milieueconomie en Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/600240 2024-01-08 DARC
Valse banaan kan veel meer mensen voeden Struik Paul 069526273 0000-0003-2196-547X 0000000117269012 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 Crop Physiology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Crop Physiology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/599253 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Wetlands in drylands : Use and conflict dynamics at the human–wildlife interface in Mbire District, Zimbabwe Matema Steven 344290026 aut Eilers Catharina H.A.M. aut van der Zijpp Akke J. 074711679 0000000398696204 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1111/aje.13043 85133000755 000817926300001 en Wetlands in drylands are important resources for agriculture and wildlife, but competition may result in human–wildlife conflict. We sought to understand conditions under which people and wildlife sharing wetlands in drylands may coexist. We applied track counts in riverine wetlands in the dry and wet season (n = 36 days) using belt transects, focus group discussions (n = 3), key informant interviews (n = 26), a household socio-economic survey (n = 180) and secondary data analysis to study human–wildlife interactions in a community-based wildlife management area in Zimbabwe. Twenty-six wildlife species that used riverine wetlands were identified. High population density and riverine agriculture — with access to cattle and ploughs enabling cultivation of larger fields — limited wildlife access to wetlands. Seasonality, drought, water availability and soil fertility, aggravated by limited alternative livelihood opportunities and lack of political will to control cropping and settlement in wetlands, were drivers of conflict. Hence, models based on population pressure and resource availability are insufficient to inform human–wildlife conflict mitigation. Strategies that undercut rent-seeking behaviour are needed to enable human–wildlife coexistence. Concerted action among stakeholders including linking wildlife conservation benefits to compliance with wetland-use regulations, water-user committees, water provisioning and labour-saving technologies in uplands, livelihood diversification and incentivised production of drought-tolerant crops are recommended. PE&RC Plant Production Systems common property land use livestock riverbank cultivation seasonality track counts PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen African Journal of Ecology 60 4 1184 1200 01416707
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/598184 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Productivity and constraints of small-scale crop farming in the summer rainfall region of South Africa Mathinya V.N. aut Franke A.C. 355592789 aut Van De Ven G.W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1177/00307270221091839 85129152049 000779306800001 en The South African policy sphere hails the commercialisation of small-scale farming as the answer to a myriad of socio-economic, ecological and political challenges of rural livelihoods. Yet the low agricultural productivity of this sector challenges the realisation of this pathway. Through comparison with large-scale farmers, this review sought to elicit the main reasons for differences in productivity and explore the prospects of small-scale farming. It highlights that low productivity of small-scale farming cannot be solely ascribed to biophysical constraints and that differences rather arise at farm and regional level. Therefore, intervention strategies should not be solely sought at field scale, which seems to be the norm. While the prospects of small-scale farming may seem gloomy at first glance, opportunities such as investing in horticulture exist. Prospects for small-scale farming are limited by the country's very competitive and thriving large-scale farming that saturate most agricultural markets. A key conclusion from this review is that we still do not know enough about small-scale farming systems in South Africa. For example, what is the contribution of small-scale farming to the living income of households? Are farming households food and nutrition secure? In particular, the role of agriculture in improving rural livelihoods is poorly understood. Farming is likely to remain an important supplementary livelihood opportunity for the majority of rural households. As such, small-scale farming needs to be rethought as part of a broader livelihood strategy by all stakeholders while continuously seeking alternative entry points towards thriving rural livelihoods. This means provision of support for transition to more commercial farming activities for those with interest and sufficient resources, while alternative employment or social protection is provided for others. A key question for research is what types of farming (crops and livestock) and what scale of operation is needed to achieve commercial success in different regions. PE&RC Sub-department of Soil Quality Plant Production Systems Policy productivity research small-scale sustainability PE&RC Sectie Bodemkwaliteit Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 51 2 139 154 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/598173 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Indifferent to difference? Understanding the unequal impacts of farming technologies among smallholders. A review Thuijsman Eva S. 416320120 aut den Braber Harmen J. 434873853 0000-0003-1668-7209 0000000505031786 aut Andersson Jens A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Baudron Frédéric 0000-0002-5648-2083 aut López-Ridaura Santiago aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1007/s13593-022-00768-6 85130304089 000796503500001 en With many of the world’s poor engaged in agriculture, agricultural development programmes often aim to improve livelihoods through improved farming practices. Research on the impacts of agricultural technology interventions is dominated by comparisons of adopters and non-adopters. By contrast, in this literature study, we critically review how technology evaluation studies assess differentiated impacts in smallholder farming communities. We searched systematically for studies which present agricultural technology impacts disaggregated for poor and relatively better-off users (adopters). The major findings of our systematic review are as follows: (1) The number of studies that assessed impact differentiation was startlingly small: we were able to identify only 85, among which only 24 presented empirical findings. (2) These studies confirm an expected trend: absolute benefits are larger for the better-off, and large relative benefits among the poor are mostly due to meagre baseline performance. (3) Households are primarily considered as independent entities, rather than as connected with others directly or indirectly, via markets or common resource pools. (4) Explanations for impact differentiation are mainly sought in existing distributions of structural household characteristics. We collated the explanations provided in the selected studies across a nested hierarchy: the field, the farm or household, and households interacting at the farming system level. We also consider impact differentiation over time. With this, we provide a structured overview of potential drivers of differentiation, to guide future research for development towards explicitly recognizing the poor among the poor, acknowledging unequal impacts, aiming to avoid negative consequences, and mitigating them where they occur. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Differentiation Distribution Evaluation Inequality Inequity Intervention Research for development Technology adoption PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agronomy for Sustainable Development 42 3 17740746
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/598047 2024-03-27 DARC
Quantifying country-to-global scale nitrogen fixation for grain legumes II. Coefficients, templates and estimates for soybean, groundnut and pulses Herridge David F. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Jensen Erik S. aut Peoples Mark B. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1007/s11104-021-05166-7 85127138267 000772723900002 en Background: The demand for estimates of biological nitrogen (N) fixation inputs in agricultural systems is driven by the need to effectively manage the global N cycle. Scope: We present a methodology for quantifying N2 fixation by the grain legume-rhizobia symbioses that can be used for any year or sequence of years for which area and production statistics for legume oilseed and pulse crops were available and at country-to-global scales. The coefficients used in the templates – harvest index, N harvest index, %N shoots, %N grain and a factor to account for below-ground N – were aggregated from 224 reports containing > 4,000 observations. Values for the % total crop N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) for specific grain legumes and regions were determined in a companion paper. The grain legumes were estimated to fix a global total of 35.5 Tg N in the year 2018 - 25.0 Tg for soybean (Glycine max), 7.2 Tg for the pulses and 3.3 Tg for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Soybean dominated global grain legume N2 fixation, with 38 % of total N fixed associated with soybean in South and Central America and a further 22 % by soybean in North America. Conclusions: The updated estimates of N2 fixation by the grain legumes inform us of a substantial and increasing role that biological N2 fixation plays in global agricultural systems. The challenge remains to reliably estimate N inputs from other N2-fixing organisms that are active in these systems. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Nitrogen fixation global estimates legumes oilseed legumes pulses regional rhizobia soybean templates PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Plant and Soil 474 1-2 1 15 0032079X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/596795 2024-01-26 DARC edurep publickb
Cocoa farmers are still dirt-poor Waarts Yuca 321762495 0000000393980150 aut Anten Niels 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems International Policy Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/596309 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Growing cotton to produce food : Unravelling interactions between value chains in southern Mali Dissa Arouna 0000000509862894 aut Bijman Jos 07440542X 0000-0001-9143-7870 0000000084645041 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Sanogo Ousmane Mama aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1111/dpr.12605 85126888411 000771778800001 en Motivation: Most transaction cost economic frameworks, commonly used to examine and explain the co-ordination of agricultural transactions, use a linear approach for a single product transaction. This ignores the concurrence of multiple transactions by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Purpose: This study aims to understand co-ordination among multiple product transactions by smallholder farmers and to identify ways to remove impediments to market participation. It develops an adapted transaction cost framework, considering contract types and forms of market participation as building blocks for co-ordination structures. The framework was applied to explain co-ordination structures between smallholders and buyers of cotton and cereals in southern Mali. Methods and approach: To make the framework operational, we did the following: (1) selected transaction characteristics; (2) elaborated benchmarks to describe the intensity of transactions; (3) identified co-ordination structures; and (4) scored the intensity of transactions. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Findings: The majority of farmers grew cotton and sold it to a parastatal company, the sole buyer, that also supported the provision of inputs. Inputs were used to grow not only cotton, but also cereals. Most farmers sold cereals on spot markets to collectors and traders. Using different structures allowed smallholders to obtain inputs and services, to pursue different income sources over the year, and to balance flexibility and security. Policy implications: Collective organizations of smallholder farmers should be supported to improve their financial and managerial capacities to allow them to co-ordinate better with buyers and input suppliers. Institutional innovations to better balance risks for smallholders and buyers deserve consideration. These innovations include crop insurance, long-term credit, and warehouse receipts. PE&RC WASS Business Management & Organisation Plant Production Systems Mali co-ordination farmer organizations market participation smallholders transaction costs PE&RC WASS Business Management & Organisation Plantaardige Productiesystemen Development Policy Review 40 5 09506764
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/596209 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Assessing the nutritional quality of stored grain legume fodders : Correlations among farmers’ perceptions, sheep preferences, leaf-stem ratios and laboratory analyses Akakpo D.B. 425859649 0000-0003-3905-4711 0000000492899307 aut de Boer I.J.M. 125647433 0000-0002-0675-7528 0000000398587841 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Adjei-Nsiah S. 297439472 0000-0003-4428-5063 0000000064745571 aut Duncan A.J. aut Oosting S.J. 097212512 0000-0003-2080-1879 0000000368769556 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106673 85126877788 000820494900014 en Crop residues have the potential to alleviate annual feed shortages and nutrient deficiencies experienced in the dry season in the savanna zones of West Africa. Farmers in West Africa especially value the residues of grain legumes, also known as grain legume fodders (GLFs), as animal feed. In this study, therefore, we assessed the nutritional quality of GLFs as affected by storage conditions using four different methods: farmers’ perception score (FPS), sheep preference score (SPS), leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), and laboratory analysis of organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). We also determined correlations among these variables. The fodder of cowpea, groundnut and soybean were stored separately in three locations (rooftop, room and treefork) and with two packaging types (polythene sacks or tied with ropes) for 60, 90 and 120 days. FPS was determined by scoring the perceived quality of GLFs on a scale of 1–10 (1 = bad and 10 = good) based on physical characteristics by a group of farmers. SPS was assessed by a cafeteria feeding trial based on dry matter intake of GLFs by a flock of 12 sheep per village during a 14 hr period. LSR was determined based on the mass of the botanical fractions, i.e. leaf (leaf blade only) and stem (stem and petioles) of 200 g samples separated carefully by the hand. Laboratory analysis was done by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results showed that all quality assessment methods successfully discriminated GLF quality differences among crops. Only farmers and sheep could distinguish quality differences among all storage conditions and packing types, whereas laboratory analyses methods could not. These findings could be due to the fact that farmers use LSR to evaluate feed quality, though colour, texture and smell of the fodder could also contribute. We also found significant correlations (ranging from 0.35 to 0.88) between all the quality assessment methods across all treatments. There were few within crop correlations between the fodder quality assessment methods, i.e. only FPS and LSR for groundnut and cowpea, FPS and CP for groundnut and all laboratory analyses parameters among each other for all crops. Hence, the differences among crops were the important determinants of the correlations. From this study, we conclude that farmers have experience and knowledge about nutritional quality of feed and livestock preference for feed. Development programmes and projects could benefit from using such knowledge when formulating and implementing interventions. PE&RC WIAS Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems Crop residues Dry matter intake Palatability Relative feed value Storage PE&RC WIAS Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Small Ruminant Research 210 09214488
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/596084 2024-01-26 DARC edurep publickb
Cocoa farmers are still dirt-poor Anten Niels 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Waarts Yuca 321762495 0000000393980150 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems International Policy Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/596038 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Change in the climate and other factors affecting agriculture, food or poverty : An opportunity, a threat or both? A personal perspective Dorward Andrew aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100623 85126512842 000795841700003 en In November 2014 I suffered a major stroke and was unable to work. I recently began to ‘wake up’ and have been able to re-engage with literature and discussions on agricultural development and climate change. I am surprised how familiar I am with much of the debate, but disappointed that major issues receive little attention – such as the impacts of climate change on smallholder agriculture, conservation of biodiversity and the need for reform of global financial institutions. In this short ‘perspective’, I comment on issues where there has been little academic attention over the past seven years and new issues that have arisen such as animal-free foods and artificial intelligence. I conclude by suggesting where attention needs to be focused. I expect this to be my final contribution to the literature. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Agricultural development Animal-free food Artificial intelligence Climate change Smallholder farms PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Global Food Security 33 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595812 2024-01-08 DARC edurep publickb
‘Conventional agriculture’ is a loaded term Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Sumberg James aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2022 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595368 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public
Determinants of smallholder farmer labor allocation decisions in Uganda Bagamba Frederick aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Kuyvenhoven A. 073753866 0000000063068732 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.5325/jafrideve.23.1.0001 en This study provides evidence on factors that influence household labor allocation decisions and demand for farm labor in Uganda. We estimated a monthly panel data to deal with potential heterogeneity or individual effect and tested for violation of the random effects modeling assumption that the explanatory variables are orthogonal to the unit effects. In addition, we estimated a random effects tobit model that involve explained variables with corner solutions. The results show that exogenous income did not affect off-farm labor supply by liquidity constrained households while liquidity unconstrained households increased the amount of labor supplied to off-farm activities and the amount of labor hired in. Farm size and education of household head improved labor productivity on farm and hence the amount of labor hired. Road proximity improved both the hiring in and out of labor. The household being male headed improved the work hours in the nonagricultural off-farm activities. The findings imply that direct payments such as input provision to the poor may not improve labor employment unless backed with policies that remove bottlenecks and improve opportunities in the labor market. Instead, investment in micro credit institutions, road infrastructure, and education suited to smallholder production needs and policies that improve gender balance in terms of access to productive resources could help alleviate bottlenecks in labor markets and improve resource allocation between farm and off-farm sectors. Development Economics labor decisions liquidity constraint off-farm constraint paved roads smallholder farmers Ontwikkelingseconomie Journal of African Development 23 1 34 26894092
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595305 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
LINTUL-Cassava-NPK : A simulation model for nutrient-limited cassava growth Adiele J.G. 408100370 0000000492886055 aut Schut A.G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Ezui K.S. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108488 85125276326 000779068500001 en A solid understanding of the dynamics of plant nutrient requirements and uptake from the soil is needed to provide robust fertilizer recommendations, timing of applications and nutrient use efficiency. Our objective was to develop and test the ability of the crop model LINTUL-Cassava-NPK to simulate biomass growth and yield of cassava under nutrient-limited conditions. We used experimental data from six fields located in three different agro-ecologies in Nigeria: Rainforest Zone– Ogoja and Ikom (Cross River), Rainforest Transition Zone – Ekpoma (Edo) and Guinea Savanna Zone – Otukpo (Benue) over two consecutive growing seasons from 2016 to 2018. Nutrient stress in the model was implemented by combining N, P and K nutrition indices (NI) to account for the interaction of multiple nutrient limitations for crop growth. Nutrient uptake was determined by balancing demand and supply of nutrient equivalents. We parameterized and calibrated the model using observations from an experiment conducted under optimal growing conditions in Edo during the 2016 planting season. The model was then tested with data from experiments conducted in the 2017 season in Edo, Cross River and Benue. The model captured the uptake patterns of N, P and K well. Uptakes of N, P and K, and storage root yield were predicted with a small root mean squared error of 5.1 g N m−2, 0.8 g P m−2, 3.3 g K m−2 and 308 g DM roots m−2, with an R2 of 0.7 – 0.8 for linear relationships between simulated and observed values. The time course of development of nutrient-limited yield of green leaves, stems and storage roots were simulated reasonably well. In general, the model responded aptly to both nutrient omissions and varying amounts of NPK. These findings increase our understanding of nutrient limitations and N, P and K interactions on cassava growth and yield. The model provided insight into surplus amounts of nutrients in the soil at the end of the season and, specifically, the need to balance the supply of N and K for cassava. To our knowledge, this is the first tested cassava process-based model that includes the three macro-nutrients. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Balanced nutrition Nutrient equivalents Nutrient uptake rates Potassium response Simulation model PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Field Crops Research 281 03784290
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595089 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Mapping spatial distribution and geographic shifts of East African highland banana (Musa spp.) in Uganda Ochola Dennis aut Boekelo Bastiaen aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Taulya Godfrey 343063476 000000041949109X aut Kubiriba Jerome aut van Asten Piet J.A. 0000-0003-0584-3552 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1371/journal.pone.0263439 85124774685 000777505200020 en East African highland banana (Musa acuminata genome group AAA-EA; hereafter referred to as banana) is critical for Uganda’s food supply, hence our aim to map current distribution and to understand changes in banana production areas over the past five decades. We collected banana presence/absence data through an online survey based on high-resolution satellite images and coupled this data with independent covariates as inputs for ensemble machine learning prediction of current banana distribution. We assessed geographic shifts of production areas using spatially explicit differences between the 1958 and 2016 banana distribution maps. The biophysical factors associated with banana spatial distribution and geographic shift were determined using a logistic regression model and classification and regression tree, respectively. Ensemble models were superior (AUC = 0.895; 0.907) compared to their constituent algorithms trained with 12 and 17 covariates, respectively: random forests (AUC = 0.883; 0.901), gradient boosting machines (AUC = 0.878; 0.903), and neural networks (AUC = 0.870; 0.890). The logistic regression model (AUC = 0.879) performance was similar to that for the ensemble model and its constituent algorithms. In 2016, banana cultivation was concentrated in the western (44%) and central (36%) regions, while only a small proportion was in the eastern (18%) and northern (2%) regions. About 60% of increased cultivation since 1958 was in the western region; 50% of decreased cultivation in the eastern region; and 44% of continued cultivation in the central region. Soil organic carbon, soil pH, annual precipitation, slope gradient, bulk density and blue reflectance were associated with increased banana cultivation while precipitation seasonality and mean annual temperature were associated with decreased banana cultivation over the past 50 years. The maps of spatial distribution and geographic shift of banana can support targeting of context-specific intensification options and policy advocacy to avert agriculture driven environmental degradation. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen PLoS ONE 17 2 February 19326203
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595084 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Soil biodiversity and nature-mimicry in agriculture; the power of metaphor? Pulleman M.M. 241589460 0000-0001-9950-0176 000000039241611X aut de Boer W. 074712632 0000-0002-5380-2993 0000000395299414 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Kuijper T.W.M. 069147884 0000-0002-3896-4943 0000000063123252 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1177/00307270221080180 85126588087 000765830400009 en Attention to soil biodiversity and its importance for sustainable food production has markedly increased in recent years. In particular, the loss of soil biodiversity as a consequence of intensive agriculture, land degradation and climate change has raised concerns due to the expected negative impacts on ecosystem services, food security and human health. The result is a strong demand for ‘nature-based’ practices that stimulate soil biodiversity or beneficial soil organisms and enhance soil health. Here, we examine the origin of popular ideas on the role of soil biology in sustainable soil management, as well as their potential to address key global challenges related to agriculture. Three examples of such ideas are discussed: 1) a higher fungal:bacterial (F:B) biomass ratio favours soil carbon storage and nutrient conservation; (2) intensive agricultural practices lead to a decline in soil biodiversity with detrimental consequences for sustainable food production; (3) inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces agriculture's dependency on synthetic fertilizers. Our analysis demonstrates how ecological theories, especially E.P. Odum's ( 1969) hypotheses on ecological succession, have inspired the promotion of agricultural practices and commercial products that are based on the mimicry of (soil biology in) natural ecosystems. Yet our reading of the scientific literature shows that popular claims on the importance of high F:B ratios, soil biodiversity and the inoculation with beneficial microbes for soil health and sustainable agricultural production cannot be generalized and require careful consideration of limitations and possible trade-offs. We argue that dichotomies and pitfalls associated with the normative use of nature as a metaphor for sustainability can be counterproductive given the urgency to achieve real solutions that sustain food production and natural resources. Finally, implications for soil ecology research and sustainable soil management in agriculture are discussed. PE&RC Soil Biology Plant Production Systems Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ecological intensification ecologistic fallacy fungal:bacterial biomass ratio inoculation nature-based solutions soil ecology soil health sustainable farming PE&RC Bodembiologie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 51 1 75 90 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595005 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
What is ‘conventional’ agriculture? Sumberg James aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100617 85124545358 000784218300001 en Agriculture faces many challenges. In both public discourse and the scientific literature debates about the future are increasing framed in terms of ‘alternative’ versus ‘conventional’ agriculture. In this paper we critically examine this framing, and seek to understand how the term conventional has been and is being used. We argue that the category conventional agriculture has little analytical purchase, and that its use is part of a strategy of homogenising, normalising and othering. In effect, the term conventional agriculture has been weaponised. This helps explain the sterile and unproductive nature of much debate about future agricultures. A more productive approach is to focus on where and how different farming systems can contribute to the sustainability of agriculture. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Alternative Discourse Industrial Organic Regenerative PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Global Food Security 32 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595002 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Commodity crops in biodiversity-rich production landscapes : Friends or foes? The example of cotton in the Mid Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe Baudron Frédéric aut Guerrini Laure aut Chimimba Edmore aut Chimusimbe Edwin aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109496 85125115012 000788067900010 en The production and trade of agricultural commodities is a major driver of the loss of tropical biodiversity. In the Mid Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, which is home to many emblematic African mammals, cotton production has historically been a major driver of land cover change. The collapse of cotton production in Zimbabwe over the last decade provides a unique opportunity to understand the linkages between the profitability of cotton and land-use changes in this multifunctional landscape. By re-visiting 141 households that had been surveyed in 2007 and combining this panel survey data with a land cover analysis and secondary data, we demonstrate that the decreasing profitability of cotton led to a shift from cotton farming (mean area per farm decreasing from 1.79 ± 2.05 ha in 2007 to 0.72 ± 0.90 ha in 2020) to livestock farming (mean number of cattle and goats per farm increasing several-fold between 2007 and 2020), resulting in drastic land cover changes. Indeed, open vegetation (including crops, fallows and grazing areas) expanded from 10 to 20% of the total land cover area between 2007 and 2020. Populations of wildlife species have declined drastically during this period, although this cannot be attributed solely to the observed changes in land cover. However, increasing human-wildlife conflicts are likely to threaten the long-term coexistence of people and wildlife in the area. We argue that commodity crops can be an opportunity for nature conservation, not only a threat, and that conservation needs to support a ‘living income’ for people coexisting with wildlife. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Cash crops Human-wildlife conflicts Land sharing Land sparing Land-use change PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Biological Conservation 267 00063207
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/594547 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Ambiguous Outcomes of Returnees’ Land Dispute Resolution and Restitution in War-Torn Burundi Tchatchoua-Djomo Rosine aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3390/land11020191 85124143417 000778142600001 en Redressing land dispossession in the aftermath of violent conflicts is daunting and complex. While land dispute resolution and restitution are expected to promote return migration, this outcome is contingent upon the changing social, economic and political conditions under which return takes place. Drawing on qualitative data from Makamba Province in southern Burundi, this case study highlights the politically and historically shaped challenges underlying the resolution of competing and overlapping claims on land following protracted displacement. These include the undocumented and fluid nature of customary land rights, institutional and legal pluralism and shifting land governance relations. This paper emphasises the centrality of the state in regulating returnees’ land dispute resolution and restitution processes. Violent conflicts and forced migration have enabled the state to expand its control over customary land tenure. The gradual exclusion or replacement of local authorities has shaped a competitive structure of jurisdictions and confused authority over land. National land restitution commissions have been used by the central government to shape land tenure and state–citizen relations and to exert pressure on land tenure institutions. Addressing competing claims on land following armed conflicts may fail if attendant struggles over public authority and changing political dynamics are insufficiently considered. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Burundi Control Dispute resolution Land disputes Postwar Property restitution State formation WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Land 11 2 2073445X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/593871 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Integrated management of Striga gesnerioides in cowpea using resistant varieties, improved crop nutrition and rhizobium inoculants Abdullahi Wajiha M. aut Dianda Mahamadi aut Boukar Ousmane aut Dieng Ibnou aut Mohammed Gaya S. aut Belko Nouhoun aut Togola Abou aut Muhammad Hayat aut Kanampiu Fred aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1007/s11104-022-05295-7 85123103455 000745765900001 en Background: Cowpea is a grain legume of major importance in sub-Saharan Africa where it is cultivated by smallholder farmers on poor soils and production is often constrained by the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides. Method: Experiments were conducted to assess the potential of rhizobium inoculation to mitigate Striga infection and increase cowpea productivity. We infested soils with S. gesnerioides and assessed the impact of treatments combining cowpea genotypes and bradyrhizobium inoculation on Striga dynamics and cowpea yield. In total, 20 cowpea genotypes were included, of which nine were resistant to Striga and 11 were susceptible. In the first experiment these were factorially combined with three inoculation options (two bradyrhizobium strains USDA3384 and IRJ2180A, and uninoculated control) in a screen-house using potted sterile soils. Second, the same trial was repeated in the field with basal phosphorus applied at sowing and a fourth treatment of fertilizer-N (urea) included testing whether N was limiting cowpea growth. The field trial also included a separate treatment with no input that served as a negative check. Result: Significant genotype x treatment interactions were observed in nodule counts, Striga attachment, emergence, and cowpea shoot growth in the screen-house. There were few nodules across all cowpea lines. Striga counts were the lowest for resistant varieties with no emerged plants. Rhizobial inoculants depressed Striga counts with consistent differences across cowpea genotypes. Inoculation with IRJ2180A performed the best against Striga attachment in resistant genotypes, and against Striga emergence in susceptible genotypes. In the field trial, cowpea grown without inputs had the least number of nodules. The genotype x treatment interaction was significant: resistant cowpea genotypes were free of emerged Striga while there was much more Striga emergence without input addition with susceptible genotypes. A significant genotype x treatment interaction was observed on cowpea grain yield. Yield response to inoculation was clearest with resistant genotypes inoculated with the strain IRJ2180A. Conclusion: The integrated use of Striga-resistant cowpea lines, basal phosphorus fertilizer and elite bradyrhizobium inoculants is a promising approach to mitigate Striga infection and increase cowpea productivity. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Biocontrol Nitrogen fixation Nodulation Striga Vigna unguiculata PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Plant and Soil 473 1-2 197 213 0032079X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/593852 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
What Farm Size Sustains a Living? Exploring Future Options to Attain a Living Income From Smallholder Farming in the East African Highlands Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut Thuijsman Eva S. 416320120 aut van Wijk Mark T. aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3389/fsufs.2021.759105 85123177955 000745851800001 en Smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa keeps many rural households trapped in a cycle of poor productivity and low incomes. Two options to reach a decent income include intensification of production and expansion of farm areas per household. In this study, we explore what is a “viable farm size,” i.e., the farm area that is required to attain a “living income,” which sustains a nutritious diet, housing, education and health care. We used survey data from three contrasting sites in the East African highlands—Nyando (Kenya), Rakai (Uganda), and Lushoto (Tanzania) to explore viable farm sizes in six scenarios. Starting from the baseline cropping system, we built scenarios by incrementally including intensified and re-configured cropping systems, income from livestock and off-farm sources. In the most conservative scenario (baseline cropping patterns and yields, minus basic input costs), viable farm areas were 3.6, 2.4, and 2.1 ha, for Nyando, Rakai, and Lushoto, respectively—whereas current median farm areas were just 0.8, 1.8, and 0.8 ha. Given the skewed distribution of current farm areas, only few of the households in the study sites (0, 27, and 4% for Nyando, Rakai, and Lushoto, respectively) were able to attain a living income. Raising baseline yields to 50% of the water-limited yields strongly reduced the land area needed to achieve a viable farm size, and thereby enabled 92% of the households in Rakai and 70% of the households in Lushoto to attain a living income on their existing farm areas. By contrast, intensification of crop production alone was insufficient in Nyando, although including income from livestock enabled the majority of households (73%) to attain a living income with current farm areas. These scenarios show that increasing farm area and/or intensifying production is required for smallholder farmers to attain a living income from farming. Obviously such changes would require considerable capital and labor investment, as well as land reform and alternative off-farm employment options for those who exit farming. PE&RC Plant Production Systems future farming systems household income income distribution intensification livelihood strategies poverty scenario exploration PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/593414 2024-03-27 DARC
Improving inclusion, competitiveness, and sustainability in midstream Honduran coffee chains Dijkxhoorn Y. 323175279 0000000391140131 aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Ponsioen T.C. 314603328 0000000389892676 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00034 85175557853 en This article presents a systematic comparison between conventional and ‘differentiated’ coffee value chains, paying attention to (micro and macro) economic performance and environmental outcomes at different midstream segments of the Honduran coffee value chains. Growth has been strong in the Honduran coffee sector, especially among coffee cooperatives and commercial enterprises devoted to the production of ‘differentiated’ coffees at premium prices. We rely on a systematic data inventory of input use, costs, and benefits of all agents involved at different midstream stages of the coffee value chains to compare their performance. We find that midstream integration is critical for yield and quality improvement of Honduran coffee. This can be reinforced through voluntary certification (mainly for organic produce) and branding. Moreover, upgrading of conventional coffee for sales at local and regional markets offers some promising prospects for inclusion and sustainability. Development Economics Sustainable Value Chain Performance and Impact Agrosectors Ontwikkelingseconomie Sustainable Value Chain Performance en Impact Agrosectoren Enterprise Development & Microfinance 32 4 270 286 17551978
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/591424 2023-12-21 DARC
“We Want Our Land Back…..’’ A Socio-legal Analysis of the Etosha Ancestral Land Claim Odendaal Willem aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.1007/978-3-030-82852-3_13 en This chapter explores the Etosha ancestral land claim by the Hai||om San. It exposes the limitations of litigation. Not only socio-political difference among the claimants hampers the litigation process. The chapter elaborates that the legal and political space in which the case unfolds, did not create a level playing field for the claiming Haiǁom to seek to exercise their rights. The legal arena In Namibia is constituted by multiple legal norms and values. Statutory law operates next to customary laws and rights. The Etosha ruling, however, makes clear that legal positivism as manifested in statutory law and common law remains the predominant legal and political interpretative framework in Namibia. Other acceptable legal remedies that are available to indigenous peoples under both Namibian constitutional law and international law are ignored. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Land Tenure Challenges in Africa H. Chitonge edt R. Harvey edt 2022 Springer Cham 9783030828516
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/591423 2024-01-05 DARC
A Socio-legal Analysis of the Complexity of Litigating Ancestral Land Rights Odendaal Willem aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2022 10.1007/978-3-030-82852-3_12 en Indigenous people are engaged in legal battles to restore their rights to their land. They are not only seeking to undo the injustices of the past, but also ways to improve their livelihoods. Finding a legal way to address their rights to their ancestral lands has evolved as an important politico-legal instrument. Backed by litigators, international treaties, concerned scholars and funding arrangements litigating on ancestral land rights matters has emerged as an important ‘weapon of the weak’. Reclaiming their land appears not so easy and is not so straight forward. We address the recurrent issues, the pitfalls, the challenges that emerge during and after litigation which is only one of the many steps in restoring rights. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Land Tenure Challenges in Africa H. Chitonge edt R. Harvey edt 2022 Springer Cham 9783030828516
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/589679 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Manure matters: prospects for regional banana-livestock integration for sustainable intensification in South-West Uganda den Braber Harmen 434873853 0000-0003-1668-7209 0000000505031786 aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Ronner Esther 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut Languillaume Antoine 0000000492184838 aut Ochola Dennis aut Taulya Godfrey 343063476 000000041949109X aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1080/14735903.2021.1988478 85118686833 000716307900001 en In South-West Uganda, manure is highly valued for sustaining yields of East African Highland Banana, but it is in short supply. As a result, banana growers import manure from rangelands up to 50 km away. We aimed to explore the potential of this regional banana-livestock integration to meet crop nutrient requirements for sustainable intensification of banana cropping systems. We used a mixed-methods approach supported by detailed data collection. Multiple spatial levels were integrated: field-level modelling to determine long-term nutrient requirements, a household-level survey to characterize farmer practices, and a regional-level spatial analysis to map banana production and manure source areas. For median to 90th percentile banana yields (37-52 t FW/ha/year), minimum K requirements were 118–228 kg/ha/year. To supply this with manure, 10.5–20.5 t DM manure/ha/year would be needed, requiring 47–91 tropical livestock units and 27–52 ha of rangeland, far more than what is potentially available currently. However, using only manure to satisfy potassium requirements increases the risk of N losses due to nutrient imbalances likely to result from large manure applications. For sustainable intensification, manure supplemented with K-based fertilizers is a better option than manure alone, as it is more cost-effective and reduces potential N losses. Plant Production Systems East African highland banana cattle crop-livestock integration nutrient requirements potassium spatial analysis Plantaardige Productiesystemen International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 20 5 821 843 14735903
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/586081 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Development, governmentality and the sedentary state: the productive safety net programme in Ethiopia’s Somali pastoral periphery Alene Getu Demeke 0000-0002-4037-7262 aut Duncan Jessica 405412231 0000-0003-0511-0068 0000000440061860 aut Van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1080/03066150.2021.1945044 85112092172 000683182800001 en This paper explores how the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), as an example of contemporary bottom-up development practices in the global South, governs nomadic pastoralists in the peripheries. Based on fieldwork in Ethiopia's Somali region, we show that PSNP practices of client targeting, community-based public works and (international) financial resource flows, both for their own sake and because of their entanglement with the sedentary metaphysics of Ethiopian state, have advanced sedentary governmental order into pastoral peripheries more than top-down state sedentarization interventions had ever done. Finally, we argue that bottom-up development practice is an effective tool for state-building in the periphery. WASS Rural Sociology Sociology of Development and Change Development Ethiopia PSNP governmentality pastoralism sedentarization WASS Rurale Sociologie Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering The Journal of Peasant Studies 49 6 1158 1180 03066150
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588443 2024-03-19 DARC
Social ties, access to loans, and loan repayments in savings and loan associations : evidence from rural Tanzania Pamuk Haki 381333493 0000-0003-2454-1058 0000000443755219 aut van Asseldonk Marcel 181269325 0000000382247535 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Kweka Tumainiely aut Wattel Cor 130339628 0000-0002-1054-4234 0000000031583748 aut Hella Joseph Phillip aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1108/AFR-03-2021-0036 85116806304 000706596200001 en Purpose: Institutional structures of rural savings and loan associations influence their performances. One of the guiding principles for defining clear group membership boundaries is by setting rules on who has access. Social ties is a prominent requirement for membership. The objective of the current study is to provide quantitative evidence on the role of social ties membership criteria for the performance of saving and loan associations. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in July–August 2019 comprising 48 associations in 13 villages in the Iringa District of Tanzania. In the current study, the authors use two indicators to measure the social ties between members, namely social closed association (the association applies criteria to accept only members who are relatives, friends or from the same hamlet) and physical distance (the fraction of members from other villages). Findings: The authors find that associations are diverse both in terms of social ties, physical distance and performance, even in a small homogeneous region like Iringa District. Providing loans more easily to members with social ties has a negative relationship with loan repayment rates. Associations applying the social closeness criteria experience higher default rates than those not applying. The default rates become even worse when the fraction of member members from other villages increases in the socially tied associations. Practical implications: Physically distant members are more likely to default as they perceive less social pressure in an association with socially tied members. Development practitioners and policy makers should integrate the potential implications. Originality/value: The authors provide empirical evidence on the relevance of social ties on credit access and repayment in savings and loan associations, using a novel multi-level data on financial performance in the context of community-based finance organizations in rural areas. Programmamanagement WASS Development Economics Transition Risk and Innovation Governance International Policy Community-based microfinance Credit Loan Rural associations Saving Programmamanagement WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Transition Risk and Innovation Governance Internationaal Beleid Agricultural Finance Review 82 5 777 796 00021466
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/574490 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
From resolving land disputes to agrarian justice–dealing with the structural crisis of plantation agriculture in eastern DR Congo van Leeuwen Mathijs 186788452 0000-0002-1994-2626 000000035723058X aut Mathys Gillian aut de Vries Lotje 339345039 0000-0002-7766-6033 000000039181858X aut van der Haar Gemma 202981789 0000000082133624 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1080/03066150.2020.1824179 85097201264 000596190400001 en Land disputes in conflict-affected settings are often considered as a security threat, to be addressed through mediation and strengthening the rule of law. This overlooks the roots of land conflicts in longer-term processes of agrarian development and worsening conditions of land and labour access. A case-study of a dispute between former plantation labourers and concession holders in eastern DR Congo shows mediation's incapacity to counter perceived structural injustices in land access and difficulties in making a living. While dispute resolution may temporarily calm down tensions, it cannot substitute for fundamental political choices vis-a-vis wider questions of agrarian development and justice. WASS Sociology of Development and Change DR Congo Land disputes agrarian change agrarian justice mediation peacebuilding political economy WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Journal of Peasant Studies 49 2 309 334 03066150
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/574763 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The ambivalent links between internal migration and food security in Uganda Mekonnen Daniel A. 314889523 0000-0002-8323-4384 0000000104522664 aut Soma Katrine 337127700 000000039368137X aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2022 10.1080/21632324.2020.1845489 en This study examines the drivers for and consequences of internal migration to household food security in Uganda. Based on the Ugandan National Panel Surveys conducted between 2010/11 and 2015/16, we estimate differences in food energy adequacy of households receiving internal migrants from elsewhere. Besides food energy consumption, this study applies household food consumption score (FCS) and looks at vulnerability in terms of household’s expenditures on food. This enables to explore (a) the extent to which food insecurity is driving internal migration, and (b) whether remittances can reduce food security of the remitter. We find that households are usually worse-off when migrants join the receiving family. This seems a departure from previous studies that tend to find welfare gains to internal migration, mostly due to changes in expenditures or dietary consumption without considering any thresholds for achieving food security. Based on these findings and responding to rising youth employment challenges associated with rapidly growing urban slums in Uganda, policies that simultaneously support employment creation in both urban and rural areas are urgently needed to enable better steering of the flow of voluntary migration and to help ensuring food security. Programmamanagement WASS International Policy Blue and Green Economy Programmamanagement WASS Internationaal Beleid Blue and Green Economy Migration and Development 11 3 917 936 21632324
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/610903 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Farmer Field Business Schools and Village Savings and Loan Associations for promoting climate-smart agriculture practices: Evidence from rural Tanzania Pamuk H. 381333493 0000-0003-2454-1058 0000000443755219 aut van Asseldonk M.A.P.M. 181269325 0000000382247535 aut Wattel C.J. 130339628 0000-0002-1054-4234 0000000031583748 aut Karanja Ng’ang’a S. aut Hella Joseph Philip aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report CCAFS 2021 47 en Programmamanagement WASS Transition Risk and Innovation Governance International Policy Programmamanagement WASS Transition Risk and Innovation Governance Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604077 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. rpoB-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604076 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. recA-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604075 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. nodC-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604074 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. gyrB-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604073 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. NifH-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604072 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. GlnII-like gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/604071 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Rhizobium sp. 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Rhizobium sp. PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/599230 2024-03-27 DARC
The importance of food systems in a climate crisis for peace and security in the Sahel Laderach Peter aut Ramirez-Villegas Julian 0000000453586850 aut Prager Steven D. aut Osorio Diego aut Krendelsberger Alexandra aut Zougmore Robert B. aut Charbonneau Bruno aut Van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut Madurga-Lopez Ignacio aut Pacillo Grazia aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1017/S1816383122000170 85131000409 000794597500001 en Conflicts are increasingly analysed as exhibiting a stealth complexity in which triggers and consequences are intricately linked to climate, environmental degradation and the struggle to control a finite pool of natural resources. The climate crisis is a multifaceted reality and, against this background, many pressing priorities compete with each other. The disruptive effect of climate variability and change on food systems is particularly acute and constitutes a direct and tangible threat to livelihoods globally. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate and discuss the importance of food systems under a climate crisis in exacerbating conflicts in the Sahelian region and propose interventions beyond and complementary to the usual military and security solutions. We demonstrate for the Sahel that (i) climate hazards are frequent and exposure to climate variability is high, (ii) hotspots of high climate variability and conflict exist, and (iii) impact pathways by which climate exacerbates food systems that can lead to conflicts are documented in the literature. While these three findings suggest clear links between conflict and climate, we find that (iv) current peace indices do not include climate and food systems indicators and therefore provide an uncomplete picture, and (v) food systems programming for climate adaptation has so far not explicitly considered peace and security outcomes. Furthermore, we propose that food systems programming that truly tackles the climate crisis should take more explicit account of peace and security outcomes in conflict-affected areas. CCAFS Sociology of Development and Change Plant Production Systems Sahel climate conflict food systems peace security CCAFS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Plantaardige Productiesystemen International Review of the Red Cross 103 918 34 995 1028 18163831
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/595477 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Effectief ontwikkelingsbeleid vergt cultuur van leren en betere evaluaties Treurniet M. 408559616 0000000492257806 aut Bedi A. aut Bulte E.H. 141315245 0000-0001-9491-5268 0000000047078199 aut Dalton P. aut Dijkstra G. aut Gunning J.W. aut Janssens W. aut van Kempen L. aut Kuijpers R. aut Lensink B.W. 073553565 0000-0001-6448-5164 0000000109109625 aut Morsink K. 345897285 0000000391767188 aut Nillesen E. aut Oostendorp R. aut Pradhan R. aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut van Soest D. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/contributiontoPeriodical 2021 nl Het Nederlandse ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken spant zich in om de impact van ontwikkelingsprojecten te (laten) evalueren. Momenteel worden monitoring en evaluaties hoofdzakelijk ontworpen voor verantwoordingsdoeleinden, en zijn het soms alleen maar ‘afvinkoefeningen’. Hoe zou dit beter kunnen? WASS Development Economics WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie ESB Economisch Statistische Berichten 106 4801 436 439 00130583
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/594221 2024-01-26 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Smallholder farming households' make-or-buy decisions: Linking market access, production risks, and production diversity to dietary diversity Keenan M.R. 436080524 0000000506820752 aut Karanja Ng’ang’a S. aut Pamuk H. 381333493 0000-0003-2454-1058 0000000443755219 aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper CGIAR 2021 en Production risk and market access put pressure on agricultural household production and food consumption decisions. Improving market access and promoting production diversity have been proposed as solutions to better agricultural household nutritional outcomes. Particularly with regards to production diversity, the efficacy of these solutions has been called into question. We show that the effectiveness of increased production diversity translating into improved household nutrition is dependent on levels of market participation and access. To demonstrate these results, this paper develops a non-separable agricultural household model with multiple agricultural goods for consumption and/or production, production risk, and imperfect markets. Households jointly maximize production, consumption, and marketing decisions. The model’s results are tested econometrically using nationally representative data from Tanzania. The paper contributes to a growing empirical literature concerning the relationships between production diversity, market access, and dietary diversity. We show that while on average a household needs to grow ten additional food groups to consume just one more food group, households not participating in markets need to grow just four more food groups to consume one more. This interaction explains why the literature typically finds weak correlations between dietary diversity and production diversity for typical households. The paper also contributes to the theoretical literature surrounding non-separable household models by providing a framework for understanding the role of markets and risk for household dietary diversity by developing. Our model provides economic theory consistent with existing empirical evidence and helps explain why most studies only find a small link between production diversity and dietary diversity. WASS Development Economics International Policy agriculture climate change dietary diversity food security production diversification WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/593929 2024-03-09 DARC
Shaping the African savannah: From capitalist frontier to Arid Eden in Namibia : Land, investment and migration: Thirty-five years of village life in Mali Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 10.1093/afraf/adab027 000715853200008 en WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/591288 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Public authority and its demons : The Sherbro leopard murders in Sierra Leone Richards Paul 072160462 0000-0001-5813-0228 0000000114746944 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1017/S0001972021000048 85102143821 000625235900004 en Demonization is a widespread aspect of political discourse. We are familiar with the demonization of Brussels bureaucrats as a tool for pursuing the British exit from the European Union, and we take stories about the compulsory straightening of bananas with a pinch of salt, however frustrating it might be that some disaffected voters choose to accept these canards as true. But somehow, stories about the demonic in Africa have been accorded much greater ontological respect, not only by colonial powers keen to boost their own legitimacy through claims to a civilizing mission, but also by anthropologists anxious to understand their informants' imaginative concerns, perhaps without fully appreciating the political craft or guile with which these discourses are invested. In seeking to void the charge of delusion, an empathetic reading of demonization risks missing the strategic significance of mythic interventions intended to extract political advantage. This article examines an instance of mythic creativity in the politics of late nineteenth-century interior Sierra Leone as an example of the stagecraft sometimes implicit in African public authority. The case is that of the human leopard, an avatar of commercially compromised chieftaincy. The article asks whether the alleged activities of these leopards were the straight bananas of a certain form of anti-colonial political resistance. In a concluding discussion, some consequences for understanding current forms and practices of local public authority are inferred. Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie Africa 91 2 226 248 00019720
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/591162 2023-12-21 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Home-grown school feeding programmes and the challenge of embeddedness: the case of local food networks and the Ghana School Feeding Programme Sulemana Nashiru aut Millar David aut Hebinck P.G.M. 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Wiskerke J.S.C. 086387723 0000-0002-9839-6917 0000000370665078 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2021 en Home-grown school feeding (HGSF) programmes aim to “kill two birds withone stone” by using the power of public food procurement to stimulate localagricultural development. This chapter uses the Ghana school feeding programmeas a case study to discuss the mixing of economic and non-economic activitiesunder HGSF programmes. The chapter argues that HGSF programmes areembedded in sociocultural relationships, and that their outcomes are thereforethe result of negotiation processes among various actors. The implementation ofHGSF programmes should be flexible enough to take advantage of the lessonsthat are drawn from these embedded negotiation processes. WASS Rural Sociology Sociology of Development and Change WASS Rurale Sociologie Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Public food procurement for sustainable food systems and healthy diets Luana F.J. Swensson edt Danny Hunter edt Sergio Schneider edt Florence Tartanac edt 2021 FAO Rome 9789251354797
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/590705 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Nutrient Deficiencies Are Key Constraints to Grain Legume Productivity on “Non-responsive” Soils in Sub-Saharan Africa Baijukya Frederick P. aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut Franke Angelinus C. 355592789 aut van den Brand Greta J. 375525246 aut Foli Samson aut Keino Ludy aut Seitz Thobias aut Servan Lenoir aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.3389/fsufs.2021.678955 85120670127 000726032800001 en Leguminous plants are known to require phosphorus fertilizers and inoculation with nitrogen fixing rhizobia for optimum yield but other nutrients may also be lacking. In this study, the most limiting nutrients for legume growth were determined in soils where the crops had not responded to P and rhizobial inoculation in field trials, using the double pot technique. Soils were collected from 17 farmers' fields in West Kenya, Northern Nigeria, Eastern and Southern Rwanda, South-west and North-west Sierra Leone. Plant growth and mean biomass were measured on soils to which a full nutrient solution, containing phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) and micronutrients (MN) were added, and which were compared to a control (no nutrient added), and individual omissions of each nutrient. The relationship between soil properties and nutrient deficiencies was explored. Nutrient limitations were found to differ between soils, both within and across countries. Generally, each soil was potentially deficient in at least one nutrient, with K, P, Mg, MN and S emerging as most limiting in 88, 65, 59, 18, and 12% of tested soils, respectively. While K was the most limiting nutrient in soils from Kenya and Rwanda, P was most limiting in soils from Nigeria. P and K were equally limiting in soils from Sierra Leone. Mg was found limiting in two soils from Kenya and three soils from Rwanda and one soil each in Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Micronutrients were found to be limiting in one soil from Nigeria and one soil from Rwanda. Estimates of nutrient deficiency using growth and mean biomass were found to be correlated with each other although the latter proved to be a more sensitive measure of deficiency. With few exceptions, the relation between soil parameters and nutrient deficiencies was weak and there were no significant relations between deficiency of specific nutrients and the soil content of these elements. Although our results cannot be translated directly to the field, they confirm that individual and multiple nutrient deficiencies were common in these “non-responsive” soils and may have contributed to reported low yields. This highlights the need for balanced nutrition in legume production in SSA. PE&RC Plant Production Systems balanced nutrition double-pot technique enhanced productivity missing nutrients smallholder farms sustainability PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/590693 2024-03-27 DARC
Why farmers use so many different maize varieties in West Kenya Almekinders Conny J.M. 126826900 0000-0001-9779-5150 0000000032016964 aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut Kiaka Richard D. aut Waswa Wycliffe W. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1177/00307270211054211 85120450278 000724999800006 en In this article we reflect on the discussions as to whether breeding and seed system development should proceed along its current well established route of developing varieties with a higher agricultural productivity or if the diversity of farmers, their contexts and rationales requires broader approaches. We make use of data from a recently held survey (2018) in West Kenya. The data show that some 80% of the households in the survey planted both local and hybrid maize varieties. The choices that people make about which variety to plant are many. Apart from rainfall, the availability of cash, the promise of a good yield, the presence of projects and programs and the culture of seed also influences these choices. We argue that an inclusive demand-oriented maize breeding and seed system needs to include a range of varieties and seed sources and to develop and support different delivery pathways to fit farmers’ diverse use of seeds and varieties. Our findings also indicate the need for more systematic study of the diversity of farmers’ rationales and the performance of crop varieties. This would provide useful information for all the actors involved. PE&RC WASS Sociology of Development and Change Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Local maize hybrid maize seed delivery pathways seed sources seed systems PE&RC WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 50 4 12 406 417 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/590424 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Farmer perceptions of agricultural risks; which risk attributes matter most for men and women Osiemo Jamleck aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Girvetz Evan aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.3390/su132312978 85119951259 000735109400001 en Analysis of farmer risk perceptions is usually limited to production risks, with risk perception as a function of likelihood and severity. Such an approach is limited in the context of the many risks and other important risk attributes of farmers. Our analysis of the risk perceptions of farmers extends beyond production risks, severity of the risks, and their likelihoods. We first characterize agricultural risks and identify their main sources and consequences. We then analyze risk perceptions as a hierarchical construct using partial least squares path modelling. We determine the most important risks and risk attributes in the perceptions of farmers, and test for differences in the perceptions between men and women. Results show that severity and ability to prevent a risk are most important in forming risk perceptions. Second, probabilities (ability to prevent) tend to matter more to men (women) for some risks; lastly, low crop yields and fluctuating input prices have greater total effects on the overall risk perception. Our results provide an impetus for risk analysis in agriculture to consider risk attributes that cause affective reactions such as severity and perceived ability to prevent the risks, the need for input price stabilization, and redress of the rampart yield gaps in small-scale agriculture. Development Economics Agricultural risks COVID-19 Kenya Locus of control Risk management Risk perceptions Structural equation modelling Uncertainty Ontwikkelingseconomie Sustainability 13 23 20711050
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/590206 2024-01-26 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
From agricultural supply chains to food system transformation : Tracing the impact of private sector activities on food systems in developing countries Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Dijkxhoorn Youri 323175279 0000000391140131 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research Wageningen 2021 65 10.18174/557366 en This paper assesses the available information and identifies insights with respect to the role of the private sector in food system transformation processes and their contributions to food and nutrition security in developing countries. We focus on different stages of the food supply chain to identify whether and how private sector agents are contributing to specific food system outcomes. Particular attention is given to business activities that rely on multiple agents, multiple levels or multiple stakeholders for enhancing their impact. Based on a detailed review of the literature, we outline major impact pathways for private sector’s contribution to healthier, safer and affordable diets. We finally classified the academic literature according to different types of involvement of private sector activities for supporting or contributing to food system transformation processes. Development Economics Sustainable Value Chain Ontwikkelingseconomie Sustainable Value Chain
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/590081 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Towards food systems transformation—five paradigm shifts for healthy, inclusive and sustainable food systems Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Cavatassi Romina aut Lipper Leslie aut Smaling Eric 074869477 0000000031076615 aut Winters Paul aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01221-4 85117128805 000707514500001 en Food systems must serve different societal, public health and individual nutrition, and environmental objectives and therefore face numerous challenges. Considering the integrated performances of food systems, this paper highlights five fundamental paradigm shifts that are required to overcome trade-offs and build synergies between health and nutrition, inclusive livelihoods, environmental sustainability and food system resilience. We focus on the challenges to raise policy ambitions, to harmonize production and consumption goals, to improve connectivity between them, to strengthen food system performance and to anchor the governance of food systems in inclusive policies and participatory institutions. Taken together, these shifts in paradigms shape a new discourse for food system transformation that will be capable to respond to current and future policy challenges. Development Economics Water and Food Food systems transformation Governance Paradigm shift Synergies Trade-offs Ontwikkelingseconomie Water en Voedsel Food Security 13 6 1423 1430 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/589562 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Land and grazing disputes and overlapping authorities in Namibia Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1080/07329113.2021.1996094 85119372237 000719712500001 en Illegal grazing and the fencing of land by livestock owners, elites and non-elites alike is endemic in Namibia. Fencing violates the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002. Court cases are held to stop the illegal use of land. The institutions that according to the Act have the authority to stop these practices do not perform accordingly and their authorities frequently overlap. The legal battle to remove fences or stop illegal grazing evolves as more than a struggle for justice. The case unfolds as an ontological struggle between actors, their institutions and respective policies and discourses, pivoting on conflicting visions of modernities and interpretations of the meaning of land. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Fencing Namibia authority land disputes WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 53 3 356 366 07329113
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588999 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
A Living Income for Cocoa Producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana? van Vliet Jiska A. 395645492 0000-0002-1708-2116 0000000458548693 aut Slingerland Maja A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Waarts Yuca R. 321762495 0000000393980150 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.3389/fsufs.2021.732831 85117519545 000710157100001 en It is often claimed that cocoa producers are poor, but the extent of their poverty is rarely defined. We analyzed six data sets derived from household questionnaires of 385–88,896 cocoa producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Across all data sets, many households (30–58%) earn a gross income below the World Bank extreme poverty line and the majority (73–90%) do not earn a Living Income. Households with less income per person per day generally achieve lower cocoa yields, consist of more household members, have a smaller land size available, and rely more on cocoa income than households with higher incomes. When comparing the effects of increasing prices and yields on gross income, yield increases lead to larger benefits especially for the poorest households. Doubling the cocoa price would leave 15–25% of households with a gross income below the extreme poverty line and 53–65% below the Living Income benchmark. At yields of 600 kg/ha, against current yields around 300 kg/ha, these percentages are reduced to 7–11 and 48–62%, respectively, while at yields of 1,500 kg/ha only 1–2% of households remain below the extreme poverty line and 13–20% below the Living Income benchmark. If we assume that the production costs of achieving a yield of 1,500 kg/ha are 30% of revenue, still only 2–4% of households earn a net income below the extreme poverty line and 25–32% below the Living Income benchmark. Whilst sustainable intensification of cocoa production is undoubtedly a strong approach to increase cocoa yields and farmer incomes, achieving this does not come without pitfalls. The poorer households face multiple barriers to invest in cocoa production. A better understanding of cocoa producing households and the resources available to them, as well as the opportunity for alternative income generation, is required to tailor options to increase their income. The utility and interpretability of future household surveys would be drastically improved if definitions and variables addressed were approached in a standardized way. PE&RC Plant Production Systems International Policy cocoa production household surveys poverty benchmarks smallholder farms sustainable intensification PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Internationaal Beleid Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588886 2024-01-08 DARC edurep openaire public dataset
Accompanying data and R scripts: Mapping the spatial distribution and geographic shift of East African highland banana (Musa sp.) cropping systems in Uganda Ochola Dennis aut Boekelo Bastiaen aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Taulya Godfrey 343063476 000000041949109X aut Kubiriba Jerome aut van Asten Piet aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/other Wageningen University & Research 2021 10.4121/16908469 The following repository contains the underlying data and R scripts used for developing the manuscript submitted for publication: "Mapping the spatial distribution and geographic shift of East African highland banana (Musa sp.) cropping systems in Uganda" For reproducibility most of the analyses and outputs for the manuscript were performed in the R environment (R v4.0.5 and RStudio v1.4.1103). Users of the attached R scripts should note however that the code chunks are Mac or Linux specific, which should be accordingly adapted for use with Windows. PE&RC Plant Production Systems East African highland banana banana cropping system context-specific intervention ensemble model geographic shift logistic regression machine learning spacial distribution PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588812 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Small farms and development in sub-Saharan Africa : Farming for food, for income or for lack of better options? Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Delaune Thomas 0000-0001-9047-5613 aut Silva João Vasco 37454204X 0000-0002-3019-5895 0000000436400532 aut van Wijk Mark aut Hammond James aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Schut Antonius G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Taulya Godfrey aut Chikowo Regis aut Andersson Jens A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01209-0 85117090858 000707514500003 en Most food in sub-Saharan Africa is produced on small farms. Using large datasets from household surveys conducted across many countries, we find that the majority of farms are less than 1 ha, much smaller than previous estimates. Farms are larger in farming systems in drier climates. Through a detailed analysis of food self-sufficiency, food and nutrition security, and income among households from divergent farming systems in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, we reveal marked contrasts in food security and household incomes. In the south of Mali, where cotton is an important cash crop, almost all households are food secure, and almost half earn a living income. Yet, in a similar agroecological environment in northern Ghana, only 10% of households are food secure and none earn a living income. Surprisingly, the extent of food insecurity and poverty is almost as great in densely-populated locations in the Ethiopian and Tanzanian highlands that are characterised by much better soils and two cropping seasons a year. Where populations are less dense, such as in South-west Uganda, a larger proportion of the households are food self-sufficient and poverty is less prevalent. In densely-populated Central Malawi, a combination of a single cropping season a year and small farms results in a strong incidence of food insecurity and poverty. These examples reveal a strong interplay between population density, farm size, market access, and agroecological potential on food security and household incomes. Within each location, farm size is a major determinant of food self-sufficiency and a household’s ability to rise above the living income threshold. Closing yield gaps strongly increases the proportion of households that are food self-sufficient. Yet in four of the locations (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Ghana and Malawi), land is so constraining that only 42–53% of households achieve food self-sufficiency, and even when yield gaps are closed only a small proportion of households can achieve a living income. While farming remains of central importance to household food security and income, our results help to explain why off-farm employment is a must for many. We discuss these results in relation to sub-Saharan Africa’s increasing population, likely agricultural expansion, and agriculture’s role in future economic development. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Agroecological zones Farm size Living income Sustainable intensification Yield gaps PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Food Security 13 6 1431 1454 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588762 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Efficacy of Nutrient Management Options for Finger Millet Production on Degraded Smallholder Farms in Eastern Uganda Ebanyat Peter aut de Ridder Nico aut Bekunda Mateete aut Delve Robert J. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.3389/fsufs.2021.674926 85117092265 000707784600001 en Poor soil fertility is a major problem constraining crop productivity in smallholder farms of sub-Saharan Africa due to inadequate nutrient replenishment. Differential management of nutrients creates areas of accumulation and depletion of nutrients within farms with the latter increasing in spatial coverage. Nutrient additions are required to increase crop production in such degraded areas. We used experimental data to evaluate the potential of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures to offset finger millet yield differences or gap between degraded fields and former kraals, which are recognized as niches for obtaining the best yields within the Teso farming system in eastern Uganda. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were sole applied at 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha−1 and in combination (N+P) at equal rates of sole application, and manure (3 t ha−1) supplemented with N (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha−1) to degraded fields located in upper and middle landscape positions in Chelekura and Onamudian villages. A second control treatment of finger millet grown on soils of former kraal sites (high fertility niches) was included as a benchmark to evaluate the efficacy of nutrient management options on degraded field. Average grain yield ranged from 404 to 2,026 kg ha−1 and differed significantly (p < 0.001) between villages and seasons. Significant effects (p < 0.05) of landscape position on grain yield were observed only in Onamudian village. Although the treatments significantly increased millet yields on degraded fields above the control, they could not eliminate the yield differences between degraded fields and former kraals. The largest average grain yields on degraded fields were obtained from combined application of N+P resulting in average grain yields of 800 and 1,171 kg ha−1 in Chelekura village and Onamudian village, respectively. These yield responses resulted in only 24 and 43% of yields obtained on former kraal fields in Chelekura and Onamudian, respectively. The physiological efficiencies, agronomic efficiencies, and apparent recoveries of N and P were low; often <25%. Pot experiments conducted in a greenhouse showed that Sulphur (S) and potassium (K) were additional limiting nutrients to N and P for finger millet production in Chelekura and Onamudian and may partly explain the large yield differences of finger millet between fertilized fields and former kraals in the smallholder farming systems. Nutrient management strategies for sustainable millet production in these farming systems need consideration of site-specific nutrient limitations. PE&RC Plant Production Systems finger millet (Eleusine coracana) integrated soil fertility management limiting nutrients nutrient use efficiencies sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588455 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Quantifying country-to-global scale nitrogen fixation for grain legumes : I. Reliance on nitrogen fixation of soybean, groundnut and pulses Peoples Mark B. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Jensen Erik S. aut Herridge David F. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s11104-021-05167-6 85116578217 000705776600001 en Background: We collated estimates of the percentage of legume N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) for 14 major grain legumes and then analysed and aggregated the data to derive average values for different crops and regions/countries. The effects of cultivation year and whether data collected from experimental plots were relevant to crops growing in farmers’ fields were examined. Scope: A total of 5374 %Ndfa estimates (observations) were sourced, 4205 from field experiments and 1169 on-farm measurements collected from farmer-grown crops. The largest number of reports (82) and %Ndfa estimates (1391) were for soybean. Conclusions: The %Ndfa estimates for each legume species were consistent across years, except for soybean in North America. For some species estimates were also similar across geographic regions. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between estimates of %Ndfa derived from experimental plots and farmer-grown legume crops for nine of the 10 crops evaluated. Three distinct groups were identified with statistically-similar average %Ndfa values with associated standard deviations, namely: pigeonpea, faba bean and lupin – 74±11.8 %; groundnut, green and black gram, cowpea, chickpea, field pea, lentil, vetches and Bambara groundnut – 62±13.4 %; common bean – 38±11.1 %. There were three distinct different regional groupings for soybean: Brazil – 78±6.3 %; North America, Argentina, Asia, Africa and Oceania – 61±14.0 %; Europe – 44±13.8 %. Our findings provide more certainty and simplify the challenge of using field-scale measures of legume %Ndfa to estimate country-to-global inputs of fixed N from grain legumes. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Biological nitrogen fixation Global estimates Oilseed legumes Pulses Soybean Symbiotic fixation PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Plant and Soil 469 1-2 1 14 0032079X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/586112 2024-03-27 DARC
Unearthing hidden hunger in Africa Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Zingore Shamie aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1038/d41586-021-01268-5 85107318825 000652172000008 en A diet containing insufficient micronutrients can harm human health. Maps that pinpoint areas of Africa associated with micronutrient-poor grains now offer a way to target interventions that tackle such deficiencies. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Agriculture Nutrition PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Nature 594 7861 2 31 32 00280836
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/586092 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Exploring a food system index for understanding food system transformation processes Van Berkum Siemen 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01192-6 85111825560 000680780900001 en Whereas most indicators for food systems performance only focus on outcomes, we explore the prospects for a kind of Food Systems Index (FSI) that tries to capture several key components that influence differences in food system performance at country level. We outline the theoretical foundations and methodological approach underlying the FSI framework and illustrate its relevance for understanding major food system characteristics. We therefore focus on major FSI differences between regions and types of countries and compare FSI outcomes across different types of food systems and in relationship to other indicators of change in the rural and economic structure. We explain the potential of the FSI framework for identifying more coherent food system policies but also acknowledge the challenges for its further operationalization. Programmamanagement International Policy Country comparison Food system Index approach Policy coherence Typology Programmamanagement Internationaal Beleid Food Security 13 5 1179 1191 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/584258 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
A Research Road Map for Responsible Use of Agricultural Nitrogen Udvardi Michael aut Below Frederick E. aut Castellano Michael J. aut Eagle Alison J. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Ladha Jagdish Kumar aut Liu Xuejun aut Maaz Tai Mc Clellan aut Nova-Franco Barbara aut Raghuram Nandula aut Robertson Philip aut Roy Sonali aut Saha Malay aut Schmidt Susanne aut Tegeder Mechthild aut York Larry M. aut Peters John W. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.3389/fsufs.2021.660155 85107732058 000661146300001 en Nitrogen (N) is an essential but generally limiting nutrient for biological systems. Development of the Haber-Bosch industrial process for ammonia synthesis helped to relieve N limitation of agricultural production, fueling the Green Revolution and reducing hunger. However, the massive use of industrial N fertilizer has doubled the N moving through the global N cycle with dramatic environmental consequences that threaten planetary health. Thus, there is an urgent need to reduce losses of reactive N from agriculture, while ensuring sufficient N inputs for food security. Here we review current knowledge related to N use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture and identify research opportunities in the areas of agronomy, plant breeding, biological N fixation (BNF), soil N cycling, and modeling to achieve responsible, sustainable use of N in agriculture. Amongst these opportunities, improved agricultural practices that synchronize crop N demand with soil N availability are low-hanging fruit. Crop breeding that targets root and shoot physiological processes will likely increase N uptake and utilization of soil N, while breeding for BNF effectiveness in legumes will enhance overall system NUE. Likewise, engineering of novel N-fixing symbioses in non-legumes could reduce the need for chemical fertilizers in agroecosystems but is a much longer-term goal. The use of simulation modeling to conceptualize the complex, interwoven processes that affect agroecosystem NUE, along with multi-objective optimization, will also accelerate NUE gains. PE&RC Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Plant Production Systems agronomy biological nitrogen fixation breeding microbiome nitrogen use efficiency policy roots soil health PE&RC Agrarische Economie en Plattelandsbeleid Plantaardige Productiesystemen Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 2571581X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/581846 2024-02-09 DARC edurep publickb
Farmer research networks for co-designing agro-ecological intensification options in crop-livestock systems of southern Mali Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Huet Eva 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Dissa Arouna 0000000509862894 aut Sanogo O. aut Dembele, O. aut Doumbia S. aut Falconnier, G.N. aut Adam M. aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/582868 2024-01-08 DARC edurep
The Carbon Question: Making global carbon markets work for farmers Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 Plant Production Systems Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587400 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Transforming Food Systems : Food system performance under different conditions of structural and rural change Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut van Berkum S. 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research 2021 en Development Economics International Policy Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587401 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Transforming Food Systems : Pathways towards inclusive food system transformation Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut van Berkum S. 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut Guijt W.J. 087003317 0000000393427929 aut de Steenhuijsen Piters C.B. 137140924 0000000358624943 aut Smaling E.M.A. 074869477 0000000031076615 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research 2021 13 en Advisory Water and Food Development Economics International Policy Advisory Water en Voedsel Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587399 2024-02-01 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Transforming Food Systems : Towards nutritious, inclusive, sustainable and efficient outcomes Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut van Berkum S. 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut Smaling E.M.A. 074869477 0000000031076615 aut de Steenhuijsen Piters C.B. 137140924 0000000358624943 aut Guijt W.J. 087003317 0000000393427929 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research 2021 13 en Advisory Water and Food Development Economics International Policy Advisory Water en Voedsel Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587153 2024-01-26 DARC edurep publickb
The future of our food Smaling Eric 074869477 0000000031076615 aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Leeuwis Cees 074137824 0000-0003-1146-9413 0000000031437820 aut van Berkum Siemen 073773298 0000-0002-0248-8033 0000000384369851 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 PE&RC WASS Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Water and Food International Policy PE&RC WASS Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Water en Voedsel Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587194 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Integrating the soybean-maize-chicken value chains to attain nutritious diets in Tanzania Wilson Wilson C. 0000-0002-8020-7188 0000000512670789 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Baijukya Frederick P. 0000-0003-2586-2013 aut van Zanten Hannah 353554839 0000-0002-5262-5518 0000000419552796 aut Oosting Simon 097212512 0000-0003-2080-1879 0000000368769556 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01213-4 85114652738 000694576500001 en In Tanzania, diets are dominated by starchy staple crops such as maize, levels of malnutrition are high and largely attributed to lack of dietary diversity. We employed fuzzy cognitive mapping to understand the current soybean, maize and chicken value chains, to highlight stakeholder relationships and to identify entry points for value chain integration to support nutritious diets in Tanzania. The fuzzy cognitive maps were constructed based on information gathered during household interviews with 569 farming households, followed by a participatory workshop with 54 stakeholders involved in the three value chains. We found that the soybean, maize and chicken value chains were interconnected, particularly at the level of the smallholder farming systems and at processing facilities. Smallholder farming households were part of one or more value chains. Chicken feed is an important entry point for integrating the three value chains, as maize and soybean meal are the main sources of energy and protein for chicken. Unlike maize, the utilization of soybean in chicken feed is limited, mainly due to inadequate quality of processing of soybean grain into meal. As a result, the soybean grain produced by smallholders is mainly exported to neighbouring countries for further processing, and soybean meal is imported at relatively high prices. Enhancing local sourcing and adequate processing of soybean, coupled with strengthening the integration of smallholder farmers with other soybean, maize and chicken value chain actors offers an important opportunity to improve access to nutritious diets for local people. Our method revealed the importance of interlinkages that integrate the value chains into a network within domestic markets. PE&RC WIAS Farming Systems Ecology Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems Dietary diversity Feed Food security Fuzzy cognitive map Integrated value chains SDG2 PE&RC WIAS Farming Systems Ecology Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Food Security 13 6 18 1595 1612 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/587130 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The future of farming : Who will produce our food? Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Delaune Thomas 0000-0001-9047-5613 aut Silva João Vasco 37454204X 0000-0002-3019-5895 0000000436400532 aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Schut Antonius G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut van Wijk Mark aut Hammond James aut Hochman Zvi aut Taulya Godfrey aut Chikowo Regis aut Narayanan Sudha aut Kishore Avinash aut Bresciani Fabrizio aut Teixeira Heitor Mancini 408485698 0000-0001-6992-0671 0000000492205256 aut Andersson Jens A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut van Ittersum Martin K. 101282281 0000-0001-8611-6781 0000000122377237 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01184-6 85114136703 000692680700002 en Achieving SDG2 (zero hunger) in a situation of rapid global population growth requires a continued focus on food production. Farming not merely needs to sustainably produce nutritious diets, but should also provide livelihoods for farmers, while retaining natural ecosystems and services. Rather than focusing on production principles, this article explores the interrelations between farms and farming systems in the global food system. Evaluating farming systems around the world, we reveal a bewildering diversity. While family farms predominate, these range in size from less than 0.1 ha to more than 10,000 ha, and from hand hoe use to machine-based cultivation, enabling one person to plant more than 500 ha in a day. Yet, farming in different parts of the world is highly interdependent, not least because prices paid for farm produce are largely determined by global markets. Furthermore, the economic viability of farming is a problem, globally. We highlight trends in major regions of the world and explore possible trajectories for the future and ask: Who are the farmers of the future? Changing patterns of land ownership, rental and exchange mean that the concept of ‘what is a farm’ becomes increasingly fluid. Next to declining employment and rural depopulation, we also foresee more environmentally-friendly, less external input dependent, regionalised production systems. This may require the reversal of a global trend towards increasing specialisation to a recoupling of arable and livestock farming, not least for the resilience it provides. It might also require a slow-down or reversal of the widespread trend of scale enlargement in agriculture. Next to this trend of scale enlargement, small farms persist in Asia: consolidation of farms proceeds at a snail’s pace in South-east Asia and 70% of farms in India are ‘ultra-small’ – less than 0.05 ha. Also in Africa, where we find smallholder farms are much smaller than often assumed (< 1 ha), farming households are often food insecure. A raft of pro-poor policies and investments are needed to stimulate small-scale agriculture as part of a broader focus on rural development to address persistent poverty and hunger. Smallholder farms will remain an important source of food and income, and a social safety net in absence of alternative livelihood security. But with limited possibilities for smallholders to ‘step-up’, the agricultural engine of growth appears to be broken. Smallholder agriculture cannot deliver the rate of economic growth currently assumed by many policy initiatives in Africa. PE&RC Farming Systems Ecology Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Forest Ecology and Forest Management Food security Population growth Smallholder farms Sustainable intensification Yield gaps PE&RC Farming Systems Ecology Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Bosecologie en -beheer Food Security 13 5 1073 1099 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/586749 2024-01-08 DARC
Corona gooit alle mooie plannen om honger de wereld uit te krijgen in de war Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/585170 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Basket of options : Unpacking the concept Ronner E. 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Sumberg J. aut Glover D. aut Descheemaeker K.K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Almekinders C.J.M. 126826900 0000-0001-9779-5150 0000000032016964 aut Haussmann B.I.G. aut Kuyper T.W. 069147884 0000-0002-3896-4943 0000000063123252 aut Posthumus H. aut Ebanyat P. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1177/00307270211019427 85109360324 000672959300001 en How to stimulate technological change to enhance agricultural productivity and reduce poverty remains an area of vigorous debate. In the face of heterogeneity among farm households and rural areas, one proposition is to offer potential users a ‘basket of options’ – a range of agricultural technologies from which potential users may select the ones that are best suited to their specific circumstances. While the idea of a basket of options is now generally accepted, it has attracted little critical attention. In this paper, we reflect on outstanding questions: the appropriate dimensions of a basket, its contents and how they are identified, and how a basket might be presented. We conceive a basket of options in terms of its depth (number of options related to a problem or opportunity) and breadth (the number of different problems or opportunities addressed). The dimensions of a basket should reflect the framing of the problem or opportunity at hand and the objective in offering the basket. We recognise that increasing the number of options leads to a trade-off by decreasing the fraction of those options that are relevant to an individual user. Farmers might try out, adapt or use one or more of the options in a basket, possibly leading to a process of technological change. We emphasise that the selection (or not) of specific options from the basket, and potential adaptation of the options, provide important opportunities for learning. Baskets of options can therefore be understood as important boundary concepts that invite critical engagement, comparison and discussion. Significant knowledge gaps remain, however, about the best ways to present the basket and to guide potential users to select the options that are most relevant to them. PE&RC WASS Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Soil Biology Agricultural innovation agricultural extension co-learning option x context smallholder agriculture PE&RC WASS Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Bodembiologie Outlook on Agriculture 50 2 116 124 00307270
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Sustainable food production and agriculture key to better nutrition and incomes in Africa Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2021 Plant Production Systems Plantaardige Productiesystemen
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Agrarian creolization : The ethnobiology, history, culture and politics of West African Rice Richards Paul 072160462 0000-0001-5813-0228 0000000114746944 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2021 10.4324/9781003135746-13 85106621500 en West of the Bandama river in the Ivory Coast, however, among groups speaking the Mande languages of the Upper Niger basin or the West Atlantic languages of the Upper Guinea coast, material cultures and moral economy have long been shaped by the experience of cultivation of rice in forested environments. The possibility of making such comparisons would seem to be especially intriguing in view of the fact that the origins of West African rice agriculture are independent of events in Asia. The idea of experimentation to explore the potential of unfamiliar rice germplasm seems to be widespread among the societies and cultures of the WARZ. In effect to draw upon a computer analogy West African rice farmers have learnt that it is more cost-effective to manipulate the software than rebuild the hardware of the cultivation system. Mende historiography often traces the formation of forest edge communities to spots where a hunter killed an elephant. Development Economics Ontwikkelingseconomie Redefining Nature R. Ellen edt K. Fukui edt 2021 Taylor & Francis 9781859731352
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Statement based on the 4 TH international conference on global food security – December 2020 : Challenges for a disruptive research Agenda Caron Patrick aut van Ittersum Martin 101282281 0000-0001-8611-6781 0000000122377237 aut Avermaete Tessa aut Brunori Gianluca aut Fanzo Jessica aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Hainzelin Etienne aut Ingram John aut Korsten Lise aut Martin-Prével Yves aut Osiru Moses aut Palm Cheryl aut Ferre Marta Rivera aut Rufino Mariana aut Schneider Sergio aut Thomas Alban aut Walker Daniel aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100554 85108789994 000700865400004 en The 4th Global Food Security conference highlighted four major developments: the shift from food security to food systems; a focus on diets and consumption patterns; the importance of unknown futures and inherent uncertainties and risks; and the central role of multi-level connections between local- and global-oriented research. These shifts highlight the importance for research to contribute to dialogue and collective intelligence through evidence-based brokerage, and to move beyond polarization of debates. These shifts also call for the involvement of scientists in multi-stakeholder arrangements to strengthen innovation and learning at different levels, and for their participation in foresight studies to help navigate plausible futures. Delegates discussed five scientific challenges to be addressed through both research investments and by improving science-policy interfaces. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Food systems Innovation Science-policy interface Scientific challenges Transformation PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Global Food Security 30 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/584004 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Fighting fences and land grabbers in the struggle for the commons in Na Jaqna, Namibia Van Der Wulp Christa aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1093/afraf/adab017 85119332407 000715330600004 en Livestock owners, elites and non-elites alike, from different parts of Namibia fence in land that belongs to the indigenous San people who collectively manage their land as a conservancy. Fencing violates the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002. The conservancy started a lawsuit in August 2013 with reference to this Act to remove the fences and end the illegal occupation of land. The High Court ruled in 2016 in favour of the conservancy, but the fences have not been removed and more illegal settlers have settled in the conservancy. We conceptualize and analyse the act of fencing as land grabbing but argue simultaneously that the legal battle of the conservancy is more than a struggle for justice. The case unfolds as an ontological struggle between actors, their institutions and respective policies and discourses, pivoting on conflicting visions of modernities of (rural) development in Tsumkwe West. The wider significance beyond N≠a Jaqna is that the core of struggles about land and rights in situations of land grabbing is whose modernity counts. The court case has also paved the way for conservancies and other resource communities to become involved in dealing with land issues and contesting the multiple meanings of land. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering African Affairs 120 480 417 443 00019909
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How sustainable is sustainable intensification? Assessing yield gaps at field and farm level across the globe Silva João Vasco 37454204X 0000-0002-3019-5895 0000000436400532 aut Reidsma Pytrik 308068998 0000-0003-2294-809X 0000000110360155 aut Baudron Frédéric aut Laborte Alice G. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Ittersum Martin K. 101282281 0000-0001-8611-6781 0000000122377237 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100552 85107656701 000700865400006 en Sustainable intensification has been proposed as a pathway to achieve food security and reduce environmental impacts of agriculture by focusing on narrowing yield gaps on existing agricultural land while improving resource use efficiencies. There is a general consensus that regions with large yield gaps can benefit most from sustainable intensification but it remains unclear how sustainable this is for farmers given their current resource constraints and livelihood strategies. Here, we draw upon three contrasting case studies, for which detailed data at field and farm levels were available for yield gap decomposition, to assess how sustainable intensification of crops (at field level) works out at farm level using environmental and socio-economic indicators. Although there is large potential for future intensification (more output with more input) of cereal production in southern Ethiopia, current input use in these farming systems is not economically and environmentally sustainable at farm level. The same is true for rice production in Central Luzon where sustainable intensification (more output with less input) can help to narrow yield gaps and improve N use efficiency (NUE) but it is not profitable due to the heavy reliance on costly hired labour. Trade-offs between yield gap closure and labour productivity were also observed in the aforementioned farming systems. Arable farms in the Netherlands exhibit small yield gaps as well as higher economic performance, NUE and N surplus compared to those observed in Southern Ethiopia and Central Luzon. For improving environmental sustainability, these farms require increases in resource-use efficiency and a reduction of the environmental impacts through a lower use of inputs (same output with less input). We conclude that public investments conducive for innovation and profitable farming are essential to make technologies accessible and affordable for farmers and to ensure that yield gaps can be narrowed and sustainability objectives served at the farm level. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Comparative analysis Farm performance Farming systems Individual farm data PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Global Food Security 30 22119124
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Food consumption patterns, nutrient adequacy, and the food systems in Nigeria Mekonnen Daniel A. 314889523 0000-0002-8323-4384 0000000104522664 aut Trijsburg Laura 353209945 0000000419540824 aut Achterbosch Thom 250212595 0000-0002-2608-1131 000000009693537X aut Brouwer Inge D. 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut Kennedy Gina aut Linderhof Vincent 217604943 0000-0001-5936-7198 0000000387379617 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Talsma Elise F. 345915291 0000-0002-6034-4708 0000000419511994 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1186/s40100-021-00188-2 85107560351 000661800900001 en Previous studies in Nigeria examined food and nutrition security mainly using anthropometric indicators, total calorie intake, or the household dietary diversity score (HDDS). However, recent evidence on nutrient and dietary gaps, especially from nationally representative surveys, is weak. This study contributes by examining factors influencing household mean nutrient adequacy and HDDS with focus on components of food systems in Nigeria. Based on the 2015/16 Nigeria General Household Survey, we found that fruits and animal source foods were the least consumed food groups. Yet, these food groups seem to be the main sources of difference in HDDS and were strongly associated with the mean probability of nutrient adequacy, given covariates. Among 11 nutrients under study, large shortfalls were observed in consumption of iron, vitamin B12, and riboflavin with probability of adequacy being 0.2 or below, followed by niacin, vitamin C, and zinc with corresponding probability of adequacy ranged between 0.48 and 0.58. Further, results suggested that mobile phone ownership by the household head, household’s access to electricity, improved sources of water for household consumption, and percent of the community with improved sanitation were strongly associated with HDDS. Heterogeneities in food groups and nutrient consumption and food system drivers are discussed. Programmamanagement VLAG WASS Global Nutrition International Policy Blue and Green Economy Food systems Household dietary diversity Nigeria Nutrient adequacy Programmamanagement VLAG WASS Wereldvoeding Internationaal Beleid Blue and Green Economy Agricultural and Food Economics 9 1 21937532
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Living income benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut de Valença Anne aut Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut de Jager Ilse 0000-0001-6225-248X 0000000492957116 aut Descheemaeker Katrien K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Hekman Willem aut Mellisse Beyene Teklu 353728810 0000000419557757 aut Baijukya Frederick aut Omari Mwantumu aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-020-01099-8 85091690716 000573406200001 en The extreme poverty line is the most commonly used benchmark for poverty, set at US$ 1.90 by the World Bank. Another benchmark, based on the Anker living wage methodology, is the remuneration received for a standard work week necessary for a worker to meet his/her family’s basic needs in a particular place. The living wage concept has been used extensively to address incomes of plantation workers producing agricultural commodities for international markets. More recently intense discussion has emerged concerning the ‘living income’ of smallholder farmers who produce commodities for international supply chains on their own land. In this article we propose a simple method that can be used in all types of development projects to benchmark a rural ‘living income’. We launch the Living Income Methodology, as adapted from the Living Wage Methodology, to estimate the living income for rural households. In any given location this requires about one week of fieldwork. We express it per adult equivalent per day (AE/day) and data collection is focused on rural households and their immediate surroundings. Our three case studies showed that in 2017 in Lushoto District, rural Tanzania, the living income was US$ PPP 4.04/AE/day, in Isingiro District, rural Uganda, 3.82 and in Sidama Zone, rural Ethiopia, 3.60. In all cases, the extreme poverty line of US$ PPP 1.90 per capita per day is insufficient to meet the basic human rights for a decent living in low-income countries. The Living Income Methodology provides a transparent local benchmark that can be used to assess development opportunities of rural households, by employers in rural areas, including farmers hiring in labour, while respecting basic human rights on a decent living. It can be used to reflect on progress of rural households in low-income countries on their aspired path out of poverty. It further provides a meaningful benchmark to measure progress on Sustainable Development Goal 1, eliminating poverty, and 2, zero hunger and sustainable food systems, allowing for consideration of the local context. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Ethiopia Poverty line Smallholder farms Tanzania Uganda PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Food Security 13 3 729 749 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/581036 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
“The street is ours”. A comparative analysis of street trading, Covid-19 and new street geographies in Harare, Zimbabwe and Kisumu, Kenya Kiaka Richard aut Chikulo Shiela aut Slootheer Sacha aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-021-01162-y 85103353157 000632905700001 en This collaborative and comparative paper deals with the impact of Covid-19 on the use and governance of public space and street trade in particular in two major African cities. The importance of street trading for urban food security and urban-based livelihoods is beyond dispute. Trading on the streets does, however, not occur in neutral or abstract spaces, but rather in lived-in and contested spaces, governed by what is referred to as ‘street geographies’, evoking outbreaks of violence and repression. Vendors are subjected to the politics of municipalities and the state to modernize the socio-spatial ordering of the city and the urban food economy through restructuring, regulating, and restricting street vending. Street vendors are harassed, streets are swept clean, and hygiene standards imposed. We argue here that the everyday struggle for the street has intensified since and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mobility and the use of urban space either being restricted by the city-state or being defended and opened up by street traders, is common to the situation in Harare and Kisumu. Covid-19, we pose, redefines, and creates ‘new’ street geographies. These geographies pivot on agency and creativity employed by street trade actors while navigating the lockdown measures imposed by state actors. Traders navigate the space or room for manoeuvre they create for themselves, but this space unfolds only temporarily, opens for a few only and closes for most of the street traders who become more uncertain and vulnerable than ever before, irrespective of whether they are licensed, paying rents for vending stalls to the city, or ‘illegally’ vending on the street. WASS Sociology of Development and Change COVID-19 Informalisation Informality Street geography Street trade Urban restructuring WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Food Security 13 5 1263 1281 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/579057 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
On-farm trees are a safety net for the poorest households rather than a major contributor to food security in Rwanda Ndoli Alain aut Mukuralinda Athanase aut Schut Antonius G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Iiyama Miyuki aut Ndayambaje Jean Damascene aut Mowo Jeremias G. aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Baudron Frédéric aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s12571-020-01138-4 85099990171 000612909000001 en The world is challenged to meet the food demand of a growing population, especially in developing countries. Given the ambitious plans to scale up agroforestry in Africa, an improved understanding of the effect of agroforestry practices on the already challenged food security of rural households is crucial. The present study was undertaken to assess how on-farm trees impacted food security in addition to other household income sources in Rwanda. In each of the six agroecologies of Rwanda, a stratified sampling procedure was used where two administrative cells (4th formal administrative level) were selected in which households were randomly selected for interviews. A survey including 399 farmers was conducted and farmers were grouped in three types of agroforestry practice (i) low practitioners (LAP) represented by the first tertile, (ii) medium practitioners (MAP) represented by the second tertile and (iii) high practitioners (HAP) represented by the third tertile of households in terms of tree number. Asset values, household income sources, crop production, farm size, crop yield, and food security (food energy needs) were quantified among the types of agroforestry practice. A larger proportion of HAP households had access to adequate quantity and diversity of food when compared with MAP and LAP households. Food security probability was higher for households with more resources, including land, trees and livestock, coinciding with an increased crop and livestock income. We found no difference in asset endowment among types of agroforestry practices, while farmers in agroecologies with smaller farms (0.42 ha to 0.66 ha) had more on-farm trees (212 to 358 trees per household) than farms in agroecologies with larger farms (0.96 ha to 1.23 ha) which had 49 to 129 trees per household, probably due to differences in biophysical conditions. A positive association between tree density and food security was found in two out of six agroecologies. The proportion of income that came from tree products was high (> 20%) for a small fraction of farmers (12%), with the more food insecure households relying more on income from tree products than households with better food security status. Thus, tree income can be percieved as a “safety net” for the poorest households. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Agro-ecological zones Agroforestry Food self-sufficiency Household income PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Food Security 13 3 685 699 18764517
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Rural–urban connectivity strengthens agrarian peace : Evidence from a study of gender and motorcycle taxis in Sierra Leone Jenkins Jack aut Mokuwa Esther 341654698 0000000393404620 aut Peters Krijn aut Richards Paul 072160462 0000-0001-5813-0228 0000000114746944 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1111/joac.12423 85105148027 000647417800001 en Rural-based insurgencies disrupted the forest margins of Upper West Africa in the 1990s. A subsequent return to peace was accompanied by strong growth in small-scale trade in foodstuffs and other agrarian produce in high demand in towns. Motor cycle taxis are a feature of this increased rural–urban market integration. It was a mode of transport pioneered by ex-combatants. Where rural women were once attacked by rural young men without job prospects press ganged into fighting for the rebels, bike taxi riders now carry them to rural periodic markets, many of which are new since the end of conflict. The study provides an analytical account of these developments, drawing on discussions with villagers in three heavily war-affected localities of Sierra Leone. The evidence indicates that communities divided by conflict have quietly built new cooperative links conducive to peace based on local agricultural production and petty trade. WASS Development Economics African agrarian change civil wars ex-combatants gender market integration motorcycle taxis petty commodity production WASS Ontwikkelingseconomie Journal of Agrarian Change 21 4 776 795 14710358
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Farm‐scale assessment of maize–pigeonpea productivity in Northern Tanzania Mugi-Ngenga E. 0000000508197482 aut Zingore S. aut Bastiaans L. 111563399 0000-0002-8465-3003 0000000356607103 aut Anten N.P.R. 138797862 0000000393431688 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s10705-021-10144-7 85105369860 000645879300001 en Little is known about productivity of smallholder maize–pigeonpea intercropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a survey of 277 farm households in Northern Tanzania to assess socio-economic factors, field management characteristics, and their association with productivity of maize–pigeonpea intercrops. On each farm, crop assessments were focused on a field that the farmer identified as most important for food supply. Variables associated with yields were evaluated using linear regression and regression classification. Biomass production ranged between 1.0 and 16.6 for maize, and between 0.2 and 11.9 t ha−1 for pigeonpea (at maize harvest). The corresponding grain yields ranged between 0.1 and 9.5 for maize, and between 0.1 and 2.1 t ha−1 for pigeonpea. Plant density at harvest, number of years the field had been cultivated, slope, weeding, soil fertility class, fertiliser and manure use were significantly associated with variation in maize grain yield, with interactions among the factors. Fields on flat and gentle slopes with plant density above 24,000 ha−1 had 28% extra yields when fertiliser was applied, while less than 24,000 plants ha−1 yielded 16% extra yield when manure was applied. Plant density at harvest was the key factor associated with pigeonpea yield; fields with densities above 24,000 plants ha−1 yielded an average of 1.4 t ha−1, while less than 24,000 plants ha−1 yielded 0.5 t ha−1. We conclude that performance of intercrops can be enhanced through application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources, and agronomic interventions including weeding, implementing soil conservation measures on steep slopes and optimising plant density. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Fertiliser Intercrops Manure Plant density Smallholder farms Soil fertility Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 120 177 191 13851314
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/580174 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Intercropping of climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) and East African highland banana (Musa spp.) in the Ugandan highlands Ronner Esther 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Thuijsman Eva 416320120 aut Ebanyat Peter aut Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1017/S0014479720000411 85100884083 000664671900001 en East African highland bananas and climbing beans are important crops for food and income in the highlands of Uganda. Intercropping of banana with legume crops is a common practice, yet climbing bean intercropping with perennials has rarely been studied in Uganda. To understand how best to improve the production system, we assessed the effects of pruning of banana leaves on light availability for climbing beans, resulting effects on bean yields and potential differences in shade tolerance between two climbing bean varieties in the eastern and southwestern highlands of Uganda. Measurements of the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through the banana canopy were combined with yield measurements of a local and improved climbing bean variety and with banana pseudostem girth in two seasons (2016A and 2016B). We also compared yields of intercropped with sole-cropped climbing beans. The mean fractions of PAR transmitted through the banana canopy-hence available for beans-were 0.43 on pruned and 0.38 on non-pruned subplots, a significant 15% difference. The improved light availability did not increase climbing bean yield. Although no direct relationship between light interception and bean yields was found, bean yields on the most and least shaded parts of the intercropped fields differed significantly, suggesting that beans do benefit from improved light availability in intercropping. Generally, yields of sole-cropped beans were significantly larger than of intercropped beans, but we could not single out the effects of competition for light, water, and/or nutrients. The bean varieties responded similarly to the pruning treatments. The local variety tended to perform relatively better in intercropping, the improved variety in sole cropping, though differences were not significant overall. Pruning and retention of eight banana leaves over the course of a season did not affect banana pseudostem girths in the mature banana plantations. Although light availability improved, farmers may not expect a major effect on bean yield. Future research may focus on the effects of a lower number of leaves retained, comparing a number of bean varieties for suitability in sole or intercropping, or on other factors influencing the relation between the two crops such as relative plant densities of beans and bananas. PE&RC Plant Production Systems East Africa Systems agronomy legumes PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Experimental Agriculture 57 1 14 1 14 00144797
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/568389 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Herbicide Induced Hunger? Conservation Agriculture, Ganyu Labour and Rural Poverty in Central Malawi Bouwman T.I. aut Andersson J.A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1080/00220388.2020.1786062 85087787964 000547681100001 en Herbicide use is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. While herbicides promise improved weed-control, labour savings and even reduced land degradation–they are promoted to enable Conservation Agriculture (CA) adoption–there are concerns about their health and environmental risks. Yet, their socio-economic implications have been largely ignored. We investigated the effects of herbicide use on casual labour relations (ganyu) in Central Malawi using a survey of 275 households. In rural Malawi doing ganyu is the main coping strategy during the hunger season/growing season. We find that where CA promotion incentivised herbicide use, herbicides became common and substituted much in-season ganyu hiring. Consequently, many households were unable to find work and ended up hungry. While herbicides mainly benefited the better-off who could afford them, these benefits occurred at the expense of the poor and food insecure. Agricultural development initiatives should be aware that herbicides are likely to reduce agricultural labour opportunities and rural wages. Where alternative labour opportunities are limited, this may contribute to social differentiation, hunger and the individualisation of poverty. Our study demonstrates the potential hazards of neglecting the social equity implications of technology promotion–a lesson pertinent to the sustainable intensification agenda, including the promotion of CA. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Journal of Development Studies 57 2 1 20 00220388
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Farmer research networks for co-designing agro-ecological intensification options in croplivestock systems of southern Mali Descheemaeker K.K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Huet E.K. 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Dissa A. 0000000509862894 aut Sanogo O. aut Dembele, O. aut Doumbia S. aut Falconnier, G.N. aut Adam M. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper 2021 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/582168 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
How nutrient rich are decaying cocoa pod husks? The kinetics of nutrient leaching Hougni D.G.J.M. 000000051267566X aut Schut A.G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Woittiez L.S. 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut Vanlauwe B. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s11104-021-04885-1 85102491306 000627669900002 en Aim: Recycling of cocoa pod husks has potential to contribute to mineral nutrition of cocoa. Yet little is known of the nutrient content and nutrient release patterns from the husks. The potassium (K) rich husks are usually left in heaps in cocoa plantations in Africa. We aimed to understand and quantify release patterns of K and other nutrients from husks under varying rainfall regimes and assessed the effects of partial decomposition and inundation on nutrient leaching rates. Methods: We incubated chunks of cocoa pod husks to assess decomposition rates and we measured nutrient leaching rates from two sets of husk chunks: one set was placed in tubes that were submitted to simulated scheduled rainfall events while the second set was continuously inundated in beakers. Results: Decomposition of husks followed a second-order exponential curve (k: 0.09 day−1; ageing constant: 0.43). Nutrient losses recorded within 25 days were larger and more variable for K (33%) than for other macronutrients released in this order: Mg > Ca ≈ P > N (less than 15%). Potassium leaching was mainly driven by rainfall frequency (P < 0.05) and reinforced by intense rainfall, especially at lower frequency. Under water-saturated conditions, 11% of K was leached out within 48 h from fresh husks compared with 92% from partially decayed husks. Conclusion: Some initial decomposition of cocoa pod husks is required to expose K to intense leaching. As decomposition progresses, abundant K losses are to be expected under frequent and/or intense rainfall events. Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Cocoa pod husks Farmer practices Leaching tubes Nutrient cycling Potassium Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Plant and Soil 463 1-2 155 170 0032079X
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Rejoinder to letter to the editors Schut A.G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114862 85098131104 000616163300004 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Geoderma 387 00167061
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/578804 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
“That is my farm” – An integrated co-learning approach for whole-farm sustainable intensification in smallholder farming Marinus Wytze 408035242 0000-0002-1792-8492 0000000493375855 aut Descheemaeker Katrien K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut van de Ven Gerrie W.J. 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Waswa Wycliffe aut Mukalama John aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103041 85099548635 000649431800014 en The use of options for sustainable intensification of smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa is often limited by knowledge and resource constraints. To address both constraints, we developed and tested an integrated co-learning approach to improve farm level productivity. The approach was tested by differentiating a group of co-learning farmers and a group of comparison farmers in two locations in western Kenya during five seasons. Both groups received a US$ 100 voucher each growing season and the co-learning group also took part in co-learning activities. The integrated co-learning approach was comprised of four complementary elements: input vouchers, an iterative learning process, common grounds for communication, and complementary knowledge. Central to the approach were co-learning workshops before each season. Workshop topics built on topics from previous seasons and on farmers' feedback and researchers' observations. Activities during each season included farm management monitoring, yield measurements and evaluation interviews. This resulted in multiple learning loops for both farmers and researchers. The voucher fostered learning through increased and diversified input use. For instance, intercropped legumes were smothered by the prolific growth of maize resulting from increased fertilizer use. After setting up joint demonstrations, farmers started to use alternative spacing options for intercropping. Building common ground on concepts and processes governing farm system functioning fostered a deeper understanding by farmers on the suitability of options to their farm and by researchers on locally relevant content. Soil fertility gradients was such a concept through which judicious use of fertilizers was discussed. After five seasons, co-learning farmers had a more diverse and cohesive knowledge of their farm than comparison farmers. Co-learning farmers highlighted farm level management options, management of the parasitic weed striga and options for integrated soil fertility management as the most important things they learned. A tangible learning outcome was the continued increase in groundnut and soybean area among co-learning farmers, which led to more diversified maize cropping systems. We attribute these differences to the co-learning process. Our results demonstrate how the integrated co-learning approach changed both knowledge and practices of participating farmers and researchers. The amplifying effects of the four key elements appeared to be important for enabling sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Extension services Farming systems analysis Input vouchers Iterative cycles Knowledge Subsidies PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agricultural Systems 188 0308521X
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Regenerative Agriculture : An agronomic perspective Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Hijbeek Renske 370734815 0000-0001-8214-9121 0000000436369272 aut Andersson Jens A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut Sumberg James aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1177/0030727021998063 85101965138 000624873400001 en Agriculture is in crisis. Soil health is collapsing. Biodiversity faces the sixth mass extinction. Crop yields are plateauing. Against this crisis narrative swells a clarion call for Regenerative Agriculture. But what is Regenerative Agriculture, and why is it gaining such prominence? Which problems does it solve, and how? Here we address these questions from an agronomic perspective. The term Regenerative Agriculture has actually been in use for some time, but there has been a resurgence of interest over the past 5 years. It is supported from what are often considered opposite poles of the debate on agriculture and food. Regenerative Agriculture has been promoted strongly by civil society and NGOs as well as by many of the major multi-national food companies. Many practices promoted as regenerative, including crop residue retention, cover cropping and reduced tillage are central to the canon of ‘good agricultural practices’, while others are contested and at best niche (e.g. permaculture, holistic grazing). Worryingly, these practices are generally promoted with little regard to context. Practices most often encouraged (such as no tillage, no pesticides or no external nutrient inputs) are unlikely to lead to the benefits claimed in all places. We argue that the resurgence of interest in Regenerative Agriculture represents a re-framing of what have been considered to be two contrasting approaches to agricultural futures, namely agroecology and sustainable intensification, under the same banner. This is more likely to confuse than to clarify the public debate. More importantly, it draws attention away from more fundamental challenges. We conclude by providing guidance for research agronomists who want to engage with Regenerative Agriculture. PE&RC Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Sustainable intensification agroecology biodiversity organic agriculture soil health PE&RC Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Outlook on Agriculture 50 1 13 25 00307270
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/573439 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The effects of management practices on soil organic carbon stocks of oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia Rahman Niharika 409313882 0000-0001-6029-7369 0000000508292172 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut de Neergaard Andreas aut Magid Jakob aut van de Ven Gerrie 073462551 0000-0001-5693-0280 0000000075994848 aut Bruun Thilde Bech aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111446 85096210667 000599706300007 en The rapid increase in global production of and demand for palm oil has resulted in large-scale expansion of oil palm monoculture in the world's tropical regions, particularly in Indonesia. This expansion has led to the conversion of carbon-rich land-use types to oil palm plantations with a range of negative environmental impacts, including loss of carbon from aboveground biomass and soil. Sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) in existing oil palm plantations is an important strategy to limit carbon losses. The aim of this study was to investigate SOC stocks of oil palm plantations under different management systems. Soil samples were collected from three different management systems (best management practices (BMP), current management practices typical of large plantations (CMP) and smallholder management practices (SHMP)) in north Sumatra, Indonesia. Plantations were divided into four management zones that were sampled separately with four replicate profiles in the weeded circle, frond stack, harvesting path and interrow zones. All the soil samples were collected from five (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–50 and 50–70 cm) soil depths. Soil samples were analysed for concentration of SOC, soil texture, soil bulk density and pH. Calculations of SOC stocks in the soils were undertaken according to the fixed-depth and equivalent soil mass approaches. Results showed that SOC stocks of plantations under BMP (68 t ha−1) were 31% and 18% higher than under CMP (57 t ha−1) and SHMP (46 t ha−1) respectively. In the BMP system, soils under the interrow zone that received enriched mulch and frond stack positions stored significantly more SOC than the harvesting path of the BMP system (77, 73 and 57 t ha−1 respectively). BMP also had a 33% higher fresh fruit bunch yield compared to the SHMP system. This study shows that residue incorporation or retention as a part of BMP could be an effective strategy for increasing SOC stocks of oil palm plantations and confirms that these management practices could improve yields from SHMP systems. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Best management practices Residue management SOC stock Smallholder Yield PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Journal of Environmental Management 278 03014797
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/571280 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Phylogeography and Symbiotic Effectiveness of Rhizobia Nodulating Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Ethiopia Gunnabo A.H. 0000000492248133 aut van Heerwaarden J. 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut Geurts R. 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-meskel E. aut Degefu T. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s00248-020-01620-8 85093949520 000583477500002 en Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) used to be considered a restrictive host that nodulated and fixed nitrogen only with Mesorhizobium ciceri and M. mediterraneum. Recent analysis revealed that chickpea can also establish effective symbioses with strains of several other Mesorhizobium species such as M. loti, M. haukuii, M. amorphae, M. muleiense, etc. These strains vary in their nitrogen fixation potential inviting further exploration. We characterized newly collected mesorhizobial strains isolated from various locations in Ethiopia to evaluate genetic diversity, biogeographic structure and symbiotic effectiveness. Symbiotic effectiveness was evaluated in Leonard Jars using a locally released chickpea cultivar “Nattoli”. Most of the new isolates belonged to a clade related to M. plurifarium, with very few sequence differences, while the total collection of strains contained three additional mesorhizobial genospecies associated with M. ciceri, M. abyssinicae and an unidentified Mesorhizobium species isolated from a wild host in Eritrea. The four genospecies identified represented a subset of the eight major Mesorhizobium clades recently reported for Ethiopia based on metagenomic data. All Ethiopian strains had nearly identical symbiotic genes that grouped them in a single cluster with M. ciceri, M. mediterraneum and M. muleiense, but not with M. plurifarium. Some phylogeographic structure was observed, with elevation and geography explaining some of the genetic differences among strains, but the relation between genetic identity and symbiotic effectiveness was observed to be weak. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS Genetic diversity Genospecies Haplotypes Mesorhizobial strains Nucleotides Spatial patterns PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS Microbial Ecology 81 3 703 716 00953628
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/575668 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Dynamics of N-P-K demand and uptake in cassava Adiele Joy Geraldine 408100370 0000000492886055 aut Schut Antonius G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut Ezui Kodjovi S. aut Pypers Pieter aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1007/s13593-020-00649-w 85098008829 000601907200001 en Fertilizers are required to improve productivity of cassava and meet the increasing demand for cassava as food, feed, or raw material for processing industries. Our objective was to develop nutrition indices for N, P, and K to provide quantitative insight in the dynamics of nutrient demand and uptake of cassava. On-farm experiments were conducted at six locations in Nigeria from 2016 to 2018, across the major cassava growing agro-ecologies of West Africa. Nitrogen, P, and K were applied at different rates. Uptake of nutrients was measured in leaves, stems, and storage roots at 4, 8, and 12 or 14 months after planting (MAP) and used to construct NPK dilution curves and nutrition indices. About 67, 61, and 52% of total N, P, and K were taken up at 4 MAP, with a maximum uptake rate of 0.21, 0.03, and 0.12 g/m2/d for N, P, and K, respectively. Nutrient concentrations in stems and storage roots declined gradually, in contrast to concentrations in the leaves that fluctuated within narrow ranges. Dilution curves and nutrition indices for N, P, and K were established for the first time in cassava. Dilution curves of N, P, and K in the crop for the highest NPK application treatment were described as Nc = 82DM−0.61, Pc = 7.4DM−0.54, and Kc = 43DM−0.54, when total biomass was between 5 and 57 t/ha dry matter (DM). The nutrition indices were linearly related to relative crop biomass. Insight into the nutrient uptake and dilution patterns during the growth cycle can help to understand the temporal nutrient demands of cassava and identify sustainable management practices. Initial ample supply of N and P and moderate K, with extra K top-dress during the second growth phase, will benefit cassava growth and yield. Furthermore, such information provides a basis to develop a dynamic model to simulate nutrient-limited growth of cassava. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Dilution curves KNI Manihot esculenta Crantz NNI Nutrient dynamics Nutrition indices PNI PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agronomy for Sustainable Development 41 1 17740746
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/579274 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
A recalibrated and tested LINTUL-Cassava simulation model provides insight into the high yield potential of cassava under rainfed conditions Adiele J.G. 408100370 0000000492886055 aut Schut A.G.T. 251253112 0000-0002-7512-728X 0000000395604757 aut van den Beuken R.P.M. aut Ezui K.S. aut Pypers P. aut Ano A.O. aut Egesi C.N. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.eja.2021.126242 85100403054 000620809100004 en Accurate assessments of the yield potential of cassava are needed to analyse yield gaps, define yield targets and set benchmarks for actual yields in Nigeria. This study evaluated the crop model LINTUL-Cassava under assumed potential growth and water-limited conditions in Nigeria. On-farm experiments were conducted at six locations across the three major cassava growing agro-ecologies of Western Africa (Tropical Rainforest – Ogoja and Ikom in Cross River state, Rainforest Transition Savanna – Ekpoma in Edo state and Guinea Savanna – Otukpo in Benue state) during two subsequent seasons (2016 – 2018). Treatments included fertilizer rates calculated to support the assumed potential yields of 90 t fresh storage root yield ha−1 y−1 (equivalent to 32 t DM ha−1, produced in a growing season of 12 months). Light interception (LI) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured each month. The weights of leaves, stems and storage roots were measured at 4 and 8 months after planting and at harvest, and radiation use efficiency (RUE) calculated. The Edo experiment from 2016 was without drought stress and was used to parameterise LINTUL-Cassava and calibrate assimilate partitioning as function of temperature sums. The average fraction of light intercepted during the season was 80 %, with a light extinction coefficient of 0.67 and a RUE of 2.8 g DM MJ−1 intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). After calibration, the LINTUL-Cassava model described the crop growth and observed patterns of LAI well in the experiments in Cross River and Edo (2017). Simulated and observed storage root yield at 4 MAP (vegetative period), 8 MAP (mid-season) and at harvest were strongly correlated (R2 of 0.92), with a RMSE of 4.93 t DM ha−1. We ascertained that RUE of cassava was much higher than previously observed in Africa, with an average storage root yield of 39 ± 7 t DM ha−1. Consequently, potential yields are greater and yield gaps larger than expected or previously reported. We conclude that the LINTUL-Cassava model can provide an adequate estimate of storage root yield across major cassava growing agroecological zones in Nigeria under rainfed conditions. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Crop growth models Dry matter partitioning Light interception Radiation use efficiency PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen European Journal of Agronomy 124 11610301
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/573832 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Adapting Yet Not Adopting? Conservation Agriculture in Central Malawi Bouwman T.I. aut Andersson J.A. 148589235 0000-0002-8124-3447 0000000045557735 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107224 85096401152 000595150400011 en Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been widely promoted as a pathway to sustainably intensify agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet despite decades of promotion, CA uptake in SSA remains sparse with only few analyses of its impacts on farming and rural livelihoods. This study, which focuses on areas in Central Malawi considered to have a relatively high uptake of CA, uses analyses of satellite images, field observations, interviews with farmers, extension workers and other people involved in CA promotion, as well as a household survey, toinvestigate how CA has been adapted. We find that the three CA principles – (1) continuous minimum tillage, e.g. no-ridging, (2) permanent ground cover, and (3) crop rotation/intercropping – were not practiced as intended.First, one-third of non-ridged land was tilled during the growing season, and half was again ridged in the following season. Second, unless crop residues were added, the soil’s surface of non-ridged plots was usually bare at planting, causing weed control problems, and an increased risk of erosion. Most farmers added large volumes of crop residues to their non-ridged plots. They collected these from the surrounding fields, but this practice severely restricted the size of these plots. Third, crop rotation/intercropping was practiced less when farmersstopped ridging. Thus overall, very few farmers practised all of the three CA principles simultaneously. CA promotion appeared to only increase yields on plots where mulch was added, but this practice is not scalable. CA promotiondoes not seem to have provided substantial benefits for overall farm productivity, labour-savings or soil conservation. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Africa Impact Rural intervention Smallholder farmers Soil conservation Sustainable intensification PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 307 14 01678809
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/582070 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Phylogeographic distribution of rhizobia nodulating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Ethiopia Hailu Gunnabo Ashenafi aut Geurts Rene 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-Meskel Endalkachew aut Degefu Tulu aut E Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut van Heerwaarden Joost 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2021 10.1093/femsec/fiab046 85103801098 000644508800022 en Rhizobia are soilborne bacteria that form symbiotic relations with legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen. The nitrogen fixation potential depends on several factors such as the type of host and symbionts and on environmental factors that affect the distribution of rhizobia. We isolated bacteria nodulating common bean in Southern Ethiopia to evaluate their genetic diversity and phylogeography at nucleotide, locus (gene/haplotype) and species levels of genetic hierarchy. Phylogenetically, eight rhizobial genospecies (including previous collections) were determined that had less genetic diversity than found among reference strains. The limited genetic diversity of the Ethiopian collections was due to absence of many of the Rhizobium lineages known to nodulate beans. Rhizobium etli and Rhizobiumphaseoli were predominant strains of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Ethiopia. We found no evidence for a phylogeographic pattern in strain distribution. However, joint analysis of the current and previous collections revealed differences between the two collections at nucleotide level of genetic hierarchy. The differences were due to genospecies Rhizobium aethiopicum that was only isolated in the earlier collection. EPS PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology genetic diversity genospecies locus nucleotides principal coordinate analysis rhizobial collections EPS PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie FEMS Microbiology Ecology 97 4 01686496
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/592219 2024-03-09 DARC
Marketing strategy choice and the associated income differentials among smallholder dairy farmers in Ethiopia Chagwiza C. aut Ruben R. 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Machethe C. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.3362/1755-1986.19-00022 85109798712 en This study investigates factors that influence the choice of marketing strategies among dairy farmers in Ethiopia. The farmers used three marketing strategies, namely, milk products marketing (26 per cent), raw milk marketing (59 per cent), and both milk products marketing and raw milk marketing (15 per cent). The results showed that the following factors influenced the probability of choosing a raw milk marketing strategy over milk products marketing: age of the household head, proportion of crossbreed cows owned, total milk produced, distance to the market, income per litre of milk, and cooperative membership. Further analysis revealed that dairy farmers are better off if they utilize the raw milk marketing strategy, which has higher returns. Farmers who relied only on milk products marketing had significantly lower dairy income. It is recommended that tailored efforts are channelled towards improving access to raw milk markets by establishing more milk collection points. Development Economics Dairy farmers Ethiopia Income effects Marketing strategy choice Multinomial model Ontwikkelingseconomie Enterprise Development and Microfinance 31 3 14 194 207 17551978
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/588916 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Grand challenges for the 21st century : What crop models can and can't (yet) do Silva João Vasco 37454204X 0000-0002-3019-5895 0000000436400532 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1017/S0021859621000150 85104396270 000694653600004 en Crop production is at the core of a 'perfect storm' encompassing the grand challenges of achieving food and nutrition security for all, in the face of climate change, while avoiding further conversion of natural habitats for agriculture and loss of biodiversity. Here, we explore current trends in crop modelling related to these grand challenges by reflecting on research presented at the Second International Crop Modelling Symposium (iCropM2020). A keyword search in the book of abstracts of the symposium revealed a strong focus on 'climate change', 'adaptation' and 'impact assessment' and much less on 'food security' or 'policy'. Most research focused on field-level investigations and far fewer on farm(ing) systems levels - the levels at which management decisions are made by farmers. Experimentation is key to development and testing of crop models, yet the term 'simulation' outweighed by far the terms 'experiments' and 'trials', and few contributions dealt with model improvement. Cereals are intensively researched, whereas roots, tubers and tropical perennials are under-researched. Little attention is paid to nutrient limitations apart from nitrogen or to pests and diseases. The aforementioned aspects represent opportunities for future research where crop models can help in devising hypotheses and driving new experimentation. We must also ensure that crop models are fit for their intended purposes, especially if they are to provide advice to policymakers. The latter, together with cross-scale and interdisciplinary efforts with direct engagement of stakeholders are needed to address the grand challenges faced by food and agricultural systems in the next century. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Climate change farming systems food security research priorities PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis The Journal of Agricultural Science 158 10 12 794 805 00218596
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/576675 2024-02-09 DARC
Guest Lecture: Ethnicity and armed conflict in South Sudan Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
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Exploring transformative pathways towards sustainable farming systems in the cotton zone of West Africa Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Falconnier G. aut Hambuechen Jakob aut Huet Eva 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Dissa Arouna 0000000509862894 aut Traore B. aut Sanogo O. aut Dembélé Ousmane aut Adam Myriam aut Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/576672 2024-02-09 DARC
Guest lecture: The refugee camp as driver for development in long term refugee hosting regions Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/578420 2024-02-09 DARC edurep publickb
Transforming Food Systems to Generate Income & Nutrition for all in Africa Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Programmamanagement Programmamanagement
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/564547 2023-11-13 DARC edurep publickb
'Giving money is surprisingly effective' Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Programmamanagement Programmamanagement
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/560846 2024-01-08 DARC edurep publickb
The N2Africa formula works (almost) everywhere Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/578415 2023-11-13 DARC edurep
Key challenges for post-COVID food systems Demmers Ivo 288994205 0000000393383348 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 The COVID-19 pandemic has a large and decisive impact on public health, and generates major consequences for social relationships, economic development and food systems. Also, it fuels discussions on desired levels of globalization and ways we deal with natural resources. Considering the overarching effects, it is important to recognize major dilemma’s for post-COVID-19 agri-food policies for (a) choosing appropriate instruments and incentives, (b) maintaining an adequate balance between different policy domains, and for (c) weighing the importance of different societal objectives. KB Programme leaders Programmamanagement KB-Programmaleiders Programmamanagement
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/576676 2024-02-09 DARC
Presentatie: De grens van Europa als vluchtelingenkamp? Gastrede migratie- en vluchtelingenbeleid Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
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Presentation: Voluntourism, morality and the consolidation of a humanitarian border in European migration Hotspots Jansen Bram 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/563687 2023-11-13 DARC edurep publickb
Coronavirus crisis reveals vulnerable food supply chain Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 Programmamanagement Programmamanagement
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/571075 2024-01-08 DARC
Fette Erträge : Das umstrittene Palmöl ist oft das kleinere Übel Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Woittiez Lotte 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
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Hunger increases without school meals Lecoutere Els 0000-0002-1025-742X aut van den Berg Marrit 181419432 0000-0001-5369-8850 0000000396282307 aut Brouwer Inge 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 VLAG WASS Global Nutrition Programmamanagement Development Economics VLAG WASS Wereldvoeding Programmamanagement Ontwikkelingseconomie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/562173 2024-01-08 DARC edurep publickb
Ten year of N2Africa : The rise of legumes in Africa Giller Ken 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/585366 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Does certification improve hired labour conditions and wageworker conditions at banana plantations? van Rijn Fédes 333840429 0000000419484746 aut Fort Ricardo aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Koster Tinka 41040909X 0000000493364443 aut Beekman Gonne 326836004 0000-0002-0294-0624 0000000397025492 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1007/s10460-019-09990-7 85076575793 000492178600001 en Certification of banana plantations is widely used as a device for protecting and improving socio-economic conditions of wageworkers, including their incomes, working conditions and—increasingly—voice [related to labour relations and workplace representation]. However, to date, evidence about the effectiveness of certification in these domains is scarce. We collected detailed field data on (1) economic benefits for improving household income, (2) social benefits for labour practices, and (3) the voice of wageworkers focusing on identity and identification issues amongst wageworkers at Fairtrade certified banana plantations and comparable, non-certified plantations in the Dominican Republic. We used different types of regression models to identify significant relationships. Econometrical analysis of survey results complemented by field observations and outcomes from in-depth stakeholder interviews indicate that the impact of Fairtrade certification on wageworkers’ economic benefits is rather limited. However, the impact on the voice of wageworkers (job satisfaction, sense of ownership, trust), is more evident. On Fairtrade certified plantations workers are more satisfied with the course of life and better represented. Thus while the additional value of Fairtrade certification on primary wages seems limited, Fairtrade has relevant positive effects on the labour force, particularly by delivering in-kind benefits, offering a sense of job-security, improving voice and enabling private savings. Benefits of (Fairtrade) certification, but also other interventions with a similar purpose, might therefore not be discerned in terms of economic benefits such as wages or basic labour conditions that are under direct control of (inter)national law, but they should be identified in terms of social benefits and improved norms of conduct for wageworker engagement. Programmamanagement Development Economics International Policy Banana plantations Certification Dominican Republic Impact analysis Wage labour Programmamanagement Ontwikkelingseconomie Internationaal Beleid Agriculture and Human Values 37 2 18 353 370 0889048X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/555048 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Mining on communal land as a new frontier: a case study of the Kunene Region, Namibia Odendaal Willem aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1080/1747423X.2019.1671524 85074338687 000490993000001 en This paper is about mining under communal ownership which makes this kind of mining a new mining frontier. The newness of the frontier is that it has introduced a series of institutional complexities that is uncommon to artisanal and large-scale mining. Mining companies have to negotiate deals with communities and their leaders to be able to prospect for mineral resources. We also argue that the state’s environmental legislation is poorly harmonised with the prevalent conditions in communal areas where mining is gaining greater importance. Legislation remains silent on the rights of those living on communal land. These rights remain in a state of confusion with often negative effects on the local communities who are exposed to a number of duplicating development programmes and legislative structures. The aim of this paper is to explore the dynamics communal mining in the Kunene Region in north-western Namibia WASS Sociology of Development and Change Namibia Natural resources communal lands frontier mining WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Journal of Land Use Science 14 1 20 1747423X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/571306 2024-01-22 DARC edurep publickb
Understanding soil fertility management practices of cocoa farmers in the Centre and South region of Cameroon Kenfack Essougong U.P. 0000-0003-2809-999X 0000000513415229 aut Slingerland M.A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Woittiez L.S. 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut Mathe S. aut Ijang Tata Ngome P. aut Vanhove W. aut Boudes P. aut Leeuwis C. 074137824 0000-0003-1146-9413 0000000031437820 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 1 en PE&RC WASS Plant Production Systems Knowledge Technology and Innovation Cocoa PE&RC WASS Plantaardige Productiesystemen Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/555831 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public
The Missing Middle: Connected action on agriculture and nutrition across global, national and local levels to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 Veldhuizen L.J.L. 374578737 0000000436392536 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Oosterveer P.J.M. 282376518 0000-0002-3067-3068 0000000117337249 aut Brouwer I.D. 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut Janssen S.J.C. 314627162 0000-0003-2226-0674 000000039265496X aut van Zanten H.H.E. 353554839 0000-0002-5262-5518 0000000419552796 aut Slingerland M.A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100336 85074486413 000529332000011 en Sustainable development goal 2 (SDG 2) challenges the world to connect food production and consumption in a way that matches local contexts and enables everyone to enjoy a healthy diet that is produced sustainably and contributes to the other SDGs. We identify a Missing Middle between food production and consumption, and between globally defined goals and local implementation practices that may hinder progress towards SDG 2. Examples of this Missing Middle and how it can be bridged demonstrate that key challenges should be addressed in a more integrated manner for more effective action on SDG 2. We encourage actors in food provisioning to start addressing the Missing Middle by collaborating with relevant stakeholders in specified cases. Environmental Policy VLAG PE&RC WASS Global Nutrition Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics Plant Production Systems Animal Production Systems Food security Food systems Pathways SDG2 Stakeholders Sustainable agriculture Milieubeleid VLAG PE&RC WASS Wereldvoeding Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica Plantaardige Productiesystemen Dierlijke Productiesystemen Global Food Security 24 6 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/568703 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Diversity in perception and management of farming risks in southern Mali Huet E.K. 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Adam M. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Descheemaeker K. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102905 85088990200 000564756600001 en A deeper understanding of how smallholder farmers perceive and manage risks is crucial to identify options that increase farmers' adaptive capacity. We investigated a broad range of risks that play a role in farmers' decision-making processes. In the cotton zone of Mali opportunities and constraints vary with the resource endowment of farms. Furthermore, as households are large in this region, often comprising 20–50 family members, intra-household diversity may influence perceptions and risk management. For this reason, we analysed diversity both among and within farms. Information was gathered through focus group discussions and a survey with 250 people from 58 households. Risk was assessed as the combination of the perceived frequency of occurrence of hazards and the impact on food availability and income. Farmers faced a diversity of risks, with hazards related to animal and personal health, and climate variability of highest concern. Resource endowment of farms was related to risk perception to a limited extent. Differences within the household were related to the generational factor and decision power, and not to gender. Household members with decision power worried most about risks. Almost a quarter of described hazards occurred with a high frequency and led to a high impact on food availability and income. Low resource-endowed farms were more often exposed to high risks than other farm types. Farmers applied a variety of actions to cope with hazards, yet in many cases farmers lacked a response. Medical actions were targeted to human and animal health hazards. Changes in field and animal management practices, adapted consumption rates and calls on social interactions, were combined for a diversity of hazards. By assessing the diversity of risks encountered by farmers and the diversity of risk management actions taken by farmers, this study goes beyond common risk research that focuses on a single hazard. Our results suggest that development interventions should not focus on either agronomic or economic options separately, but combine both to strengthen social well-being and agricultural production. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Farm type Hazard Intra-household Mali Uncertainty West Africa PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Agricultural Systems 184 0308521X
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/562098 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Closing yield gaps in oil palm production systems in Ghana through Best Management Practices Rhebergen Tiemen 408612215 0000000492957159 aut Zingore Shamie aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Frimpong Charles Adu aut Acheampong Kwame aut Ohipeni Francis Tetteh aut Panyin Edward Kofi aut Zutah Victor aut Fairhurst Thomas aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126011 85079626182 000528197200004 en The area under oil palm in Ghana has expanded but average fruit bunch yields remained low, resulting in large yield gaps. This study assessed the potential for increasing yield with 'Best Management Practices (BMP)' on plantations and smallholder farms in southern Ghana, compared with current standard practices, i.e. reference (REF) yield. We evaluated short-term (≤1 year) yield increases with 'yield taking' (improved crop recovery), and long-term increases (>1 year) with 'yield making' (better agronomy) practices and identified the factors that contributed most to yield improvements. Average fruit bunch yield increases with BMP were 2.1 t ha−1 (+19%) and 4.7 t ha−1 (+89%) with yield taking and 4.7 t ha−1 (+36%) and 7.6 t ha−1 (+76%) with yield making at plantations and smallholder farms respectively. Short-term yield improvements were achieved with more frequent harvesting events and improved field access, which can help finance inputs needed for the yield making phase. Our analysis suggests more balanced palm nutrition could contribute considerably to yield making, particularly on smallholder farms. Improved fertilizer recommendations are therefore essential for sustainable oil palm production in Ghana. Increasing yields to 21.0 t ha−1 on land already planted to oil palm, can increase national fruit bunch production from 2.5 Mt to 6.9 Mt, sparing 600,000 ha of land. However, labour constraints on plantations and lack of access to credit and agricultural inputs on smallholder farms are major hurdles that need to be overcome to increase production. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Agronomy Crop recovery Fertiliser Land sparing Nutrient management Plantation Smallholder Yield intensification PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen European Journal of Agronomy 115 11610301
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/578610 2024-01-22 DARC edurep
Crop growth models for tropical perennials: current advances and remaining challenges. Rozendaal D.M.A. 304837067 0000-0002-3007-3222 0000000396340271 aut Slingerland M.A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Zuidema P.A. 204458455 0000-0001-8100-1168 000000039110400X aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Anten N.P.R. 138797862 0000000393431688 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper CIRAD/INRA Montpellier 2020 en Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plant Production Systems Forest Ecology and Forest Management Crop and Weed Ecology PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Bosecologie en -beheer iCROPM 2020 Book of Abstracts: Second international Crop Modelling Symposium E. Justes edt C. Pradal edt P. Martre edt M. Launay edt S. Asseng edt F. Ewert edt 2020 CIRAD/INRA Montpellier
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/563384 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
‘Mbare musika is ours’: an analysis of a fresh produce market in Zimbabwe Chikulo Shiela aut Hebinck Paul 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Kinsey Bill aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1093/afraf/adaa003 85088257531 000607872400001 en The functioning of markets is premised on the creation of collaborative relationships and networks. Food markets in Zimbabwe are evolving in response to state interventions that aim to restructure the marketplace and the flow of produce. This article explores Mbare Musika, the oldest and largest marketplace in Harare supplying the city with fresh fruit and vegetables. We analyse Mbare Musika from the perspective of the interactions among farmers and retailers, vendors, transporters, intermediaries, officials, and customers, in creating and sustaining a specific enduring market. We use actor narratives to understand the ordering and(re)ordering of people and produce in the context of informalization,shifting polycentric relationships, and market infrastructure to sustain livelihoods anchored on the circulation of large volumes of diverse fresh produce. The market is overtly economic in outlook but, intrinsically, it is asocial arena where discourses are continuously reconstructed, reproduced,and expressed through daily interactions. We situate Mbare Musika in past and present sociopolitical processes of transformation in Zimbabwe. WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering African Affairs 119 476 27 311 337 00019909
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/577128 2024-03-25 DARC
Pulse of Africa: Exploring West-African soybean, cowpea, and Bambara groundnut Kleter G.A. 161421881 0000-0001-7030-1149 0000000391123788 aut Banach J.L. 405404387 0000-0003-3439-854X 0000000491571406 aut Dijkxhoorn Y. 323175279 0000000391140131 aut Fischer A.R.H. 264826655 0000-0003-0474-5336 0000000352112760 aut Kool J. 412923831 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Oostewechel R.J.A. 229303897 0000000392375186 aut Schlangen M. 0000000514287337 aut Timmer Ruud 074248871 0000000388198252 aut van der Goot A.J. 075276631 0000-0001-8005-7864 0000000389875470 aut van Rozen K. 314601805 0000000390534630 aut Appel M.J. 234820667 000000039681721X aut Kok M. aut van Koesveld M.J. 331407612 0000000394888647 aut Verschoor J.A. 314619941 0000000396031874 aut Achterbosch T.J. 250212595 0000-0002-2608-1131 000000009693537X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 en Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Food Process Engineering VLAG PE&RC WASS Team Agrochains Team Bacteriology, Molecular Biology & AMR Plant Production Systems OT Team Schimmels Onkr. en Plagen OT Team Int. Prod. & Gewasinn. OT Internationaal Post Harvest Technology Sustainable Value Chain International Policy Marktkunde en Consumentengedrag Food Process Engineering VLAG PE&RC WASS Team Agrochains Team Bacteriologie, Moleculaire Biologie & AMR Plantaardige Productiesystemen OT Team Schimmels Onkr. en Plagen OT Team Int. Prod. & Gewasinn. OT Internationaal Post Harvest Technology Sustainable Value Chain Internationaal Beleid
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/569549 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
At the end of the feeder road: Upgrading rural footpaths to motorcycle taxi-accessible tracks in Liberia Jenkins Jack aut Peters Krijn aut Richards Paul 072160462 0000-0001-5813-0228 0000000114746944 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.njas.2020.100333 85089887285 000590065400019 en Access to transport is essential for agrarian development in isolated rural areas. Over the last 20 years, most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have seen a dramatic change in farm-to-market transport following the introduction and spread of motorcycle taxis. So far, this has been a spontaneous and market-driven phenomenon. What kind of infrastructure development is needed to further support this local revolution in farm transport? Our study uses a technographic frame to describe and assess the socio-economic and technical impact of upgrading inter-village footpaths to render them usable by motorcycle taxis in off-road rural northern Liberia. We gathered pre-intervention baseline data and post-intervention impact data over a three-year period in villages benefitting from the intervention and in control villages. The quantitative data were supplemented with qualitative data gathered prior, during and after the intervention. We found that upgrading rural footpaths to motorcycle taxi-accessible tracks promotes market integration, improves access to education and health facilities, and creates jobs for rural youth, with few negative consequences. Since most motorised transport in deep rural areas takes place by motorcycle taxi in any case, track construction can complement or serve as an alternative to expensive feeder road improvement or construction. Development Economics Access to health and education Improved access Intermediate means of transport Motorcycle taxi transport Rural development Semi-subsistence farming Tracks Ontwikkelingseconomie NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 92 15735214
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/570544 2024-01-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Climate-smart crop production: understanding complexity for achieving triple-wins Descheemaeker Katrien 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Reidsma Pytrik 308068998 0000-0003-2294-809X 0000000110360155 aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2020 10.19103/AS.2020.0064.14 en Climate-smart cropping options aim to simultaneously improve crop productivity, adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter provides a concise overview of a wide range of climate-smart cropping options and investigates in detail the potential of conservation agriculture and soil fertility management to contribute to the three pillars of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), with attention for possible trade-offs and constraints to adoption. We warn that gaps in the understanding and assessment pitfalls may lead to an overestimation of the CSA potential. Two contrasting case studies from intensive and low-input agriculture illustrate that contextualized and quantitative information can be obtained with participatory, integrated and cross-scale assessments. Such information is key to support decision and policy making towards holistic solutions that can enable a transformation to climate-smart agriculture. PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Climate change and agriculture Delphine Deryng edt 2020 Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing 9781786767431
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/536218 2024-03-09 DARC
Intricate links: Displacement, ethno-political conflict, and claim-making to land in Burundi Tchatchoua-Djomo Rosine aut van der Haar Gemma 202981789 0000000082133624 aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut van Leeuwen Mathijs aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.03.023 85044523277 000518703600017 en This paper explores claim-making to land in Burundi, where civil war and multiple waves of displacement and return have resulted in complex disputes over land. Zooming in on two different regions, the paper shows that, as people articulate their claims and defend their interests in land disputes, they strategically draw on a diversity of arguments, related to legal categories, notions of belonging and citizenship, social categories derived from (land) policy, but also victimhood, security concerns, and political loyalty. Post-peace agreement land policies play an important role in this, as they instrumentalise war-based categories of identity and victimhood, privileging certain groups of displaced people for political purposes. As we show in two case studies, claim-making tactics follow shifting political discourses and policy changes, as people seek to secure the support of (powerful) allies. A perspective on processes of making claims to land allows us to explore the entanglements between multiple waves of displacement, policy implementation and the instrumentalisation of identities in conflict-affected settings. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Burundi Claim-making Displacement Ethno-political conflict Identity Land disputes Victimhood WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Geoforum 109 143 151 00167185
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/569570 2024-03-15 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Food systems everywhere: Improving relevance in practice Brouwer Inge D. 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut McDermott John aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100398 85090000268 000602889100015 en Food systems approaches are increasingly used to better understand transitions in diets, sustainable resource use and social inclusion. Moreover, food systems frameworks are also widely used in many recent policy and foresight studies. We assess 32 highly-cited international studies, identifying and comparing differences in the frameworks used for food systems analysis, and discrepancies in the procedures to identify strategies for and performances of food system transformation. We show that the relevance of existing food systems analysis for identifying critical trade-offs and understanding relevant policies and practices for achieving synergies remains limited. While many studies are largely descriptive, some offer more practical insights into and evidence of entry points for food system transformation as well as opportunities for improving multiple food system outcomes (i.e. nutrition and health, environmental sustainability and resilience, social inclusion). We distinguish four different pathways for food system transformation and outline their analytical underpinnings, their views on multi-stakeholder governance, and how they deal with critical trade-offs between multiple food system objectives. We conclude that food systems approaches must be useful to decision makers and performance can only be improved if decision makers have a better understanding of these underlying interactions and dynamics of food systems change. Programmamanagement VLAG Global Nutrition Environment Food system transformation Governance Nutrition Systems analysis Programmamanagement VLAG Wereldvoeding Global Food Security 26 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/566246 2024-01-26 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Meta-analysis of 3R Kenya findings about the transformation of the aquaculture, dairy and horticulture sectors : Recommendations to support the transition from aid to inclusive aid and trade Kessler Jan Joost aut Coninx Ingrid 341737925 0000-0001-5477-0826 0000000391086809 aut Kilelu Catherine 33383951X 000000041948464X aut van Vugt Simone 314627170 0000000390106126 aut Koomen Irene 265779626 0000000395297662 aut Bebe Bockline aut Soma Katrine 337127700 000000039368137X aut Ndambi Asaah 409313467 0000-0001-8563-2805 0000000492208692 aut Gema Joyce aut Obwanga Benson aut Rurangwa Eugene 339462078 0000-0002-3798-3878 0000000392799333 aut Moreno Echeverri Indira 421409290 aut Beekman Gonne 326836004 0000-0002-0294-0624 0000000397025492 aut Wangui Koge Jessica aut van der Lee Jan 345817540 0000-0001-9792-9120 0000000391154576 aut Daburon Annabelle 423594494 0000000493315625 aut Wesonga John aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation Wageningen 2020 63 10.18174/524002 en Advisory Programmamanagement WASS Onderz. Form. B. Regional Development and Spatial Use Animal Breeding & Genomics International Policy Blue and Green Economy Advisory Programmamanagement WASS Onderz. Form. B. Regionale Ontwikkeling en Ruimtegebruik Fokkerij & Genomica Internationaal Beleid Blue and Green Economy
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/534663 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Village Dogs in Coastal Mexico : The Streets as a Place to belong Ruiz Izaguirre Eliza 344579735 0000-0002-6612-3164 0000000419519961 aut Hebinck P.G.M. 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut Eilers C.H.A.M. 151268533 0000000353445698 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1163/15685306-12341486 85098067176 000599654800004 en Village dogs are important for households in coastal Mexico, yet they are seen as out of place by etic stakeholders (public health and wildlife experts, and animal welfarists). Caregivers of village dogs are considered irresponsible, a view that is reinforced by Mexican policy. We describe two contrasting etic discourses in this article that have emerged from ideologies based on human-dog relation theories. The article is part of an ongoing shift in the social sciences that has seen attempts to move beyond anthropocentrism and to explore human-animal relations outside the parameters of the traditional nature-culture dichotomy. Local narratives hinge on different experiences with dogs. Villagers perceive their dogs as adults, capable of and subject to judgment. Etic discourses are currently the basis for dog management policies. Attaching the label of “irresponsible owner” to the caregivers of village dogs prevents their inclusion as legitimate participants in policy processes. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Animal Production Systems Human-animal relations Local narratives Policy discourse Village dogs WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Dierlijke Productiesystemen Society and Animals 28 5-6 21 510 530 10631119
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/548169 2024-03-19 DARC
Towards a Theory of Claim Making: Bridging Access and Property Theory Kronenburg García Angela aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1080/08941920.2018.1559381 85061263620 000502499700001 en This article proposes a framework for studying and understanding how people make claims to land and other natural resources. We argue that a focus on claim-making practices of actors (individuals, groups, institutions, companies, the state), and the processes of appropriation, accessing and contestation that come along with it, best responds to Sikor and Lund’s call to examine “the grey zone” between access and property. We identify and discuss three practices of claim making: “grounding claims” is the practice of inscribing or altering the landscape with visible markers connoting ownership; “talking claims” is when speech is used strategically to make, justify and contest claims; and “representing claims” is when claims are represented on material objects (maps, title deeds) that are detached from the resource. We contribute to debates on enclosure, large-scale land acquisitions and resource grabbing by providing a lens of claim making through which these processes can be conceptualized. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Claim making access land natural resources property theory WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Society & Natural Resources 33 2 167 183 08941920
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/582459 2024-03-09 DARC
N2Africa: Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers in Africa Ronner E. 329259164 0000-0002-4876-8313 0000000391537112 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Baijukya F. aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/contributiontoPeriodical 2020 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Fertilizer Focus 37 2 56 59
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/570802 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The Food Security Conundrum of sub-Saharan Africa Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100431 85091780592 000602888500001 en National food security in countries of sub-Saharan Africa requires an abundant supply of cheap and nutritious food for the burgeoning population. At the same time agriculture is a major contributor to the balance of payments for African economies. So agricultural production in Africa needs to increase strongly to meet the demands of both national and international markets. Yet fragmentation of land due to population pressure in rural areas, and the low prices farmers are paid for their produce, mean that in many rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa the farms are already too small to provide food security or a living income for the household. There is a high dependency on off-farm income and little incentive to intensify production. Thus rural households are often ‘reluctant’ farmers, lacking resources or the economic incentives to invest in agriculture. The conundrum that must be addressed is how to provide cheap, nutritious food to feed the growing urban and rural populations while creating incentives to stimulate increased agricultural production. This will require major transformations of the smallholder farming systems alongside creation of alternative employment. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Farm size Living income Rural development SDG2 Smallholder farms Yield gaps PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Global Food Security 26 22119124
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/558541 2024-03-09 DARC
Improvisation and harm avoidance: An ethnographic study of adherence to postnatal care protocols in two hospitals in Southern Ghana Yevoo Linda L. 0000000509332746 aut Agyepong Irene A. aut Gerrits Trudie aut van Dijk Han 114472017 0000-0002-4406-4909 0000000042220934 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1016/j.midw.2019.102576 85076849063 000512912900009 en Providers’ adherence to case management protocols can affect quality of care. However, how and why protocols are adhered to by frontline health workers in low- and middle-income countries is not always clear. This study explored midwives’ adherence to national postnatal care protocols in two public hospitals in Southern Ghana using an ethnographic study design. Ninety participant observations and 88 conversations were conducted over a 20-months period, and two group interviews held with the midwives in the two hospitals. Data was analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings: Midwives collectively decided when to adhere, modify or totally ignore postnatal care protocols. Adherence often occurred if required resources (equipment, tools, supplies) were available. Modification occurred when midwives felt that strict adherence could have negative implications for patients and they could be seen as acting ‘unprofessionally’. Ignoring or modifying protocols also occurred when midwives were uncertain of the patient's health condition; basic supplies, logistics and infrastructure needed for adherence were unavailable or inappropriate; or midwives felt they might expose themselves or their clients to physical, psychological, emotional, financial or social harm. Regardless of the reasons that midwives felt justified to ignore or modify postnatal care protocols, it appeared in many instances to lead to the provision of care of suboptimal quality. Conclusion and recommendations: Providing clinical decision-making protocols is not enough to improve mother and new born care quality and outcomes. Faced with constraining conditions of work, providers are likely to modify guidelines as part of coping behaviour. Addressing constraining conditions of work must accompany guidelines. This includes adequate risks protection for health workers and clients; and resolution of deficits in essential equipment, infrastructure, supplies and staffing. WASS Sociology of Development and Change Ethnography Harm avoidance Improvisation Postnatal care Protocols WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Midwifery 82 02666138
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/559307 2024-01-17 DARC edurep openaire public
N2Africa Podcaster no. 58 : Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers in Africa: January 2020 Schilt-van Ettekoven C. 421693630 0000-0003-2999-5999 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Ton G. aut Glover D.B.A. aut Bodnar F. aut Thuijsman E.C. 416320120 aut Bebeley Jenneh aut Simbine Margarida aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report N2Africa project Wageningen 2020 7 en PhD Student special PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/570569 2024-03-09 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Symbiotic interactions between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes and Mesorhizobium strains Gunnabo A.H. 0000000492248133 aut van Heerwaarden J. 375540962 0000-0002-4959-3914 0000000054747071 aut Geurts R. 177172584 0000-0002-6443-2289 0000000359149048 aut Wolde-meskel E. aut Degefu T. aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1007/s13199-020-00724-6 85091729855 000573732800001 en Legume genotype (GL) x rhizobium genotype (GR) interaction in chickpea was studied using a genetically diverse set of accessions and rhizobium strains in modified Leonard Jars. A subset of effective GL x GR combinations was subsequently evaluated in a pot experiment to identify combinations of chickpea genotypes and rhizobium strains with stable and superior symbiotic performance. A linear mixed model was employed to analyse the occurrence of GL x GR interaction and an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to study patterns in the performance of genotype-strain combinations. We found statistically significant interaction in jars in terms of symbiotic effectiveness that was entirely due to the inclusion of one of the genotypes, ICC6263. No interaction was found in a subsequent pot experiment. The presence of two genetic groups (Kabuli and Desi genepools) did not affect interaction with Mesorhizobium strains. With the exception of a negative interaction with genotype ICC6263 in the jar experiment, the type strain Mesorhizobium ciceri LMG 14989 outperformed or equalled other strains on all chickpea genotypes in both jar and pot experiments. Similar to earlier reports in common bean, our results suggest that efforts to find more effective strains may be more rewarding than aiming for identification of superior combinations of strains and genotypes. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Laboratory of Molecular Biology EPS AMMI Genotype-strain combinations Rhizobium genotypes Symbiotic effectiveness PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie EPS Symbiosis 82 235 248 03345114
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/573333 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
The response of climbing bean to fertilizer and organic manure in the Northern Province of Rwanda Rurangwa Edouard 35624993X 000000041952703X aut Vanlauwe Bernard aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1017/S0014479720000277 85095735633 000595580300007 en Climbing beans play a central role in food security of rural households in the densely populated highlands of East and Central Africa. Soil fertility degradation and the lack of nutrient inputs are major limitations to yield of beans and other crops. We conducted field trials in Northern Rwanda in Kinoni and Muko villages to evaluate the effect of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers (both alone and in combination) and farmyard manure on nitrogen fixation and grain yields of climbing bean in smallholder farmers' fields. The trials were laid down in a randomized complete block design with seven replicate blocks in each village. Manure and fertilizer application led to greater yields in all fields, and the largest yields were achieved when manure was combined with NPK. Large variability in yield between fields was observed. Application of fertilizer together with manure increased the grain yield from 1.5 to 3.9 t ha-1 in Kinoni and from 2.6 to 5.4 t ha-1 in Muko. Fertilizer and/or manure increased stover yield from 0.8 to 2.3 t ha-1 in Kinoni and from 1.5 to 3.4 t ha-1 in Muko. Application of 30 kg P ha-1 and 5 t manure ha-1 led to increased N and P uptake (from 49 to 106 kg N ha-1 and from 6.1 to 12.4 kg P ha-1 in Kinoni and from 46 to 128 kg N ha-1 and from 5.3 to 17.9 kg P ha-1 in Muko). There was no clear relationship between soil fertility characteristics and the response of climbing bean to applied inputs at Muko site. However, at Kinoni site, limited response to manure and NPK application was observed in plots where soil available P and soil exchangeable K were relatively low. Our results show the benefits of using manure along with mineral fertilizers for increased climbing bean yields and nutrient uptake in smallholder farming systems. PE&RC Plant Production Systems Keywords: N natural abundance Nitrogen fixation Nutrients uptake Phaseolus vulgaris PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen Experimental Agriculture 56 5 722 737 00144797
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/573849 2024-01-22 DARC edurep publickb
Exploring transformative pathways towards sustainable farming systems in the cotton zone of West Africa Descheemaeker K.K.E. 345802020 0000-0003-0184-2034 0000000419509480 aut Falconnier G.N. 403925444 0000000502652587 aut Hambuechen Jakob aut Huet E.K. 409263508 0000-0002-0058-2560 000000051264787X aut Dissa A. 0000000509862894 aut Traore Bouba aut Sanogo Ousmane aut Dembélé Ousmane aut Adam Myriam aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper 2020 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/565874 2024-01-22 DARC
Migrancy and the differentiated agrarian landscapes : Land use, farming and the reproduction of the homestead in the Eastern Cape Hebinck P.G.M. 068010044 0000-0003-2349-8545 000000010887320X aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart 2020 en WASS Sociology of Development and Change WASS Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering Migrant Labour after Apartheid Leslie J. Bank edt Dorrit Posel edt Francis Wilson edt 2020 HSRC Press 9780796925794
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/571298 2024-01-22 DARC edurep publickb
Nutrient distribution in cocoa trees Slingerland M.A. 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Giller K.E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Woittiez L.S. 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut Calvo Romero Fabian aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report 2020 en PE&RC Plant Production Systems cacao iomass and nutrient distribution measuring protocol PE&RC Plantaardige Productiesystemen
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/566345 2024-03-27 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Can household dietary diversity inform about nutrient adequacy? Lessons from a food systems analysis in Ethiopia Mekonnen Daniel A. 314889523 0000-0002-8323-4384 0000000104522664 aut Talsma Elise F. 345915291 0000-0002-6034-4708 0000000419511994 aut Trijsburg Laura 353209945 0000000419540824 aut Linderhof Vincent 217604943 0000-0001-5936-7198 0000000387379617 aut Achterbosch Thom 250212595 0000-0002-2608-1131 000000009693537X aut Nijhuis Aafke aut Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Brouwer Inge D. 120227436 0000-0002-2554-7227 0000000352259412 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1007/s12571-020-01056-5 85086773404 000542074200001 en This study examined the use of the household dietary diversity score (HDDS) to assess household nutrient adequacy in Ethiopia. It also examined the correlates of HDDS following the food systems framework. Results show that the average nutrient consumption in Ethiopia varies by place of residence and by income profile, where households in urban areas and those in the higher income quintiles rank favorably. Among 13 nutrients under study, we found nutrient inadequacy for fat, calcium, zinc, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin C and vitamin A ranging between 46% and 89%, and the prevalence of inadequacy for vitamin B12 to be up to 100%. Econometric results showed that HDDS is a strong predictor of a household’s mean probability of nutrient adequacy (MPA), and that an HDDS of 10 is the minimum threshold at which HDDS can improve household MPA. We found suggestive evidence within the food systems that improving household-incomes, access to health and transport services are beneficial to improve HDDS and nutrient consumption in Ethiopia. Programmamanagement WASS Global Nutrition International Policy Blue and Green Economy Ethiopia Food systems Household dietary diversity Nutrient adequacy Programmamanagement WASS Wereldvoeding Internationaal Beleid Blue and Green Economy Food Security 12 1367 1383 18764517
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/576374 2024-01-22 DARC edurep
Cities in the Making: Contours of the Urbanizing Refugee Camp Jansen B.J. 283006935 0000000396317821 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report BPB 2020 9 en Sociology of Development and Change Sociologie van Ontwikkeling en Verandering
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/574039 2024-03-19 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
Farmers’ Perceptions as a Driver of Agricultural Practices : Understanding Soil Fertility Management Practices in Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Cameroon Kenfack Essougong Urcil P. 0000-0003-2809-999X 0000000513415229 aut Slingerland Maja 195468422 0000-0001-8087-8881 0000000117140833 aut Mathé Syndhia aut Vanhove Wouter aut Tata Ngome Precillia I. aut Boudes Philippe aut Giller Ken E. 314599533 0000-0002-5998-4652 0000000066514486 aut Woittiez Lotte S. 371224896 0000-0002-4882-5103 0000000436366928 aut Leeuwis Cees 074137824 0000-0003-1146-9413 0000000031437820 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2020 10.1007/s10745-020-00190-0 85096387565 001029861500001 en In Africa, cocoa yields are low, partly due to soil fertility constraints and poor management. While peoples’ knowledge, aspirations, and abilities are key factors explaining their behaviour, little is known about the rationales that underpin soil fertility management practices (SFMPs) of cocoa farmers. To address this gap, we conducted an exploratory survey in two contrasting regions in Cameroon where cocoa is an important crop: the humid forest and the forest-savannah transition zone. Some 30% of farmers in the transition zone as opposed to 13% in the humid forest expressed concerns about soil fertility. The most relevant soil fertility indicators for farmers were high cocoa yield, dark soil colour, ease of tillage, and floral composition. To enhance and maintain soil fertility, farmers used residues from weeding (100%), planting of trees (42%), mineral fertilisers (33%), compost (16%), and manure (13%). More farmers in the transition zone than the humid forest implemented SFMPs. Our findings suggest that soil fertility perceptions, access to inputs, local practices, and experience influence farmers’ use of SFMPs. The limited use of mineral fertilisers was explained by poor access whereas the use of organic fertilisers and tree planting were mostly constrained by lack of labour and knowledge. Farmers prioritised practices to increase yield and viewed SFMPs to be the least important management practices, although they believe high cocoa yield is an important indicator of soil fertility. To foster sustainable cocoa intensification, it is necessary to enhance farmers’ knowledge on SFMPs, increase access to inputs, and ensure returns on investment while considering farmers’ priorities and practices. PE&RC WASS Knowledge Technology and Innovation Plant Production Systems Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Agroforestry Cameroon Cocoa Perceptions Pest and disease management Post-harvest Smallholder farmers Soil fertility management practices PE&RC WASS Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie Plantaardige Productiesystemen Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Human Ecology 48 709 720 03007839
oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/576827 2024-01-26 DARC edurep openaire public publickb
From environmental assessment to environmental system governance : Mid-term assessment of the DGIS-NCEA framework contract 2017-2020 Ruben Ruerd 068952678 0000-0001-5217-2339 0000000116818139 aut Motovska Nina 433161396 0000000502639833 aut text info:eu-repo/semantics/report Wageningen Economic Research Wageningen 2020 55 10.18174/532572 en This mid-term appraisal of the framework contract between the Netherlands Commission for Environmental assessment (NCEA) of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA/IGG) has been requested in order to provide insights into the progress of, and to support the learning on, impact pathways and envisaged outcomes of the NCEA’s major activities at country, regional and institutional levels. Based on a realist and contextualised evaluation approach and using mainly secondary data on country programmes, the report argues that emerging challenges in the external policy environment tend to require attention for environmental systems governance. Some practical recommendations are given to enhance the scope and effectiveness of NCEA activities. Deze tussentijdse evaluatie van het raamcontract tussen de Nederlandse Commissie voor Milieueffectrapportage (NCEA) van het Nederlandse Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (MFA/IGG) is gevraagd om inzicht te geven in de voortgang en om het leren rondom impactpaden te ondersteunen inzake de beoogde resultaten van belangrijke NCEA-activiteiten op nationaal, regionaal en institutioneel niveau. Op basis van een realistische en gecontextualiseerde evaluatiebenadering en met gebruikmaking van voornamelijk secundaire gegevens over landenprogramma’s, stelt het rapport dat opkomende uitdagingen in de externe beleidsomgeving aandacht lijken te vragen voor de besturing van milieusystemen. Daartoe worden er enkele praktische aanbevelingen gegeven om de reikwijdte en effectiviteit van NCEA-activiteiten te versterken. Programmamanagement International Policy Programmamanagement Internationaal Beleid
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